Hitler's Table Talk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler's Table Talk - Essay Example What I noticed is that the so-called words of Hitler are filled with self-centered ideas and hatred for almost everyone. His perspective on people, nations and resources is organized around the question of how they are potentially useful and controllable by him. It is the aim of this paper to demonstrate this, based on the alleged attitudes of Hitler, as found in Hitler’s Table Talk. I will argue that the controversy about whether or not he said particular phrases or words about Christianity is a distraction from the much more important issue of the hatred in his heart, and the hatred with which he chose to surround himself. This is what I see as the main message of Hitler’s Table Talk. The controversy about whether Hitler was a Christian has exposed some information about Hitler’s Table Talk. There were only two copies of his talks and they were both edited by a man named Martin Bormann. Bormann was an active anti-Catholic, and much of his activism was behind Hitler’s back (Walker). Since the strong anti-Christian attitudes expressed in Hitler’s Table Talk are not found in any other examples of Hitler’s speeches and writings, and since Luther was one of Hitler’s most respected role models, it is probable that Bormann’s editing reflected Bormann’s own anti-Catholic bias (Walker). Other contamination of Hitler’s Table Talk came from translation. The English translation is based on the French translation, by Geroud (Walker). Geroud put a lot of things into the translation that were not in the original manuscript. An historian, named |David Irving, examined a copy of the complete manuscript of another document, Hitler’s Last Testament, which was said to be a part of the table-talk. Irving saw it was typed, and found out that someone had added a whole lot of things in handwriting. When confronted by Irving, Geroud confessed that the handwriting was his and that the typescript was also his own invention. Geroud told

The major ocean surface current patterns Essay Example for Free

The major ocean surface current patterns Essay An ocean surface current is a constantly directed and continuous movement or flow of ocean water. Major ocean surface current patterns are powered by the wind. However, these patterns are also largely influenced by other factors such as the Corolis effect, which is the deflection of the water to the direction of the wind, the differences in heating across the globe, and the structure of the landmasses. These three factors result in more permanent and large scale water movements that become the major ocean surface current patterns around the world. Generally, each of ocean hemispheres has its own gyre, which is the term for the circular movement of water. In the northern hemisphere, gyres move clockwise while in the southern hemisphere move counterclockwise. Examples of major ocean surface patterns around the world include Equatorial Counter Current, Kuroshio Current, North and South Equatorial Current, the Gulf Stream, and the North Atlantic Drift, among many others. 2. Compare and contrast: swells, breaking surf, and tides. Include water depth, wavelength, speed, and causes of each. A swell in the ocean basically refers to the development of ocean surface waves that are of long wavelength on the sea. They have more stable directions compared to other oceanic waves because they are mainly caused by steady wind systems and tropical storms. On the other hand, certain waves go through a phenomenon termed as â€Å"breaking. † These waves, also called â€Å"break surfs,† have bases that can longer support their upper part or top, which causes it to collapse. These usually happen when the wave runs through shallow water or when two waves run against each other. Its speed and depth depends on the size of the entire wave and its wavelength depends on how the wave was formed. Finally, a tsunami is a chain of waves that are created when a large body of water, like an ocean, is swiftly displaced. In a deep ocean, a tsunami usually has a wavelength of 120 miles or 200 kilometers. When a tsunami starts to form it is usually deep and travels fast, but as it approaches the coast or the land, it becomes shallow and it speed slows down to 50 mph or 80 kilometers per hour. The causes of a tsunami may include an earthquake, volcanic eruptions, massive underwater movements, and large asteroids hitting the sea or ocean, among others. 3. Discuss how tides in a bay depend on its location in the ocean. Since tides are largely dependent on the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon, its movement, occurrence, and size are influenced by its location in the ocean. Usually, when the moon and the sun are aligned with each other facing the Earth, the tides are either significantly high or low. On the other hand, when the two are not aligned, the tides are not as significantly high or low. In terms of location, when a coastline or a bay is located approximately between the moon and the sun, its tides could either be very high or very low. However, since the pull of gravity is stronger in the bodies of water that are far from land, there are more tides in bays that are located farther from the coastline. In short, when a bay is farther out in the ocean, the more tides there will be and vice versa. 4. Compare and contrast depositional and erosional coasts in terms of surface features, plate tectonic settings, and active processes. Two types of coasts that significantly differ from each other are depositional coasts and erosional coasts. Depositional coasts mainly have a lot of barrier islands, segments, and deltas. Their beaches are also well-developed as compared to the erosional coasts. One of its most prominent active processes is the longshore drift, which is a zigzag wave movement that causes the movement of sands and picks up sediments. One example of this type of coast is the Gulf Coast. On the other hand, erosional coasts have irregular and steep bays and headlands that create sea arches, sea tracks, and sea caves but lack well-developed beaches except for certain protected areas. It’s most active process is erosion as its particles such as rocks, soils, and sediments are displaced by wind and water movement. Possibly the best examples of this type of coast are the United States west coast and the Australian Coastline. 5. Discuss the differences in capabilities necessary for survival of marine organisms (larger than plankton) in the pelagic zone versus the benthic zone. There are several differences in the necessary survival capabilities of marine organisms between the pelagic zone and the benthic zone. The pelagic zone is any level or any part of the sea not near the bottom. On the other hand, the benthic zone is lowest region or area of an ocean, sear, or lake. Basic the main difference between the capabilities of the organism that live in the two zones include their tolerance of pressure and temperature and oxygen and nutrient requirement, among others. Since the pelagic zone covers areas that are not near the bottom, there are a lot of organisms that can survive in it. There marine organisms are usually ones that cannot tolerate too much pressure and need adequate oxygen and nutrients, which are abundant in this region as compared to the benthic zone. Examples of these organisms include the billfish, tunas, and dorado, among others. On the other hand, those that can survive in the benthic zone are organisms that have a high tolerance for pressure and do not require abundant oxygen and nutrient supply, which are significantly lower in the region. Certain examples of these marine organisms in the benthic zone, which are also called â€Å"benthos† include starfish, clams, sea anemones, and oysters, among others.

Essay --

Shady Hill is first portrayed as the perfect town. Located in the upper-middle class suburbs of New York City during the 1950s, Shady Hill appears to be the ideal place for a family to live and is the setting for the short story "The County Husband" by John Cheever. The inhabitants are well mannered and educated. They can only associate with a restricted number of people who are in the norm. Unsurprising, once the plastic wrap is pulled away the city’s flaws come into focus. "It seems to me what is really wrong with Shady Hill is that it doesn't have any future. So much energy is spent in perpetuating the place in keeping out undesirables, and so forth..." (Cheever 82) tch Colonial home that the Weeds reside in giving such animated description as "it was not the kind of household where, after prying open a stuck cigarette box, you would find an old shirt button and a tarnished nickel" (Cheever 72). His life is one of genteel complacency, as we see from this description of his house. It may not seem to describe Shady Hill but in many ways it does. The reader begins to form an opinion of a city that contains this type of residence, a residence where "roses on the piano were reflected in the polish of the broad top..." (Cheever 72). The opinion is that Shady Hill is one of statute, and a person’s house is always kept in pristine condition. The reader may not realize that perhaps the house is kept in such tidy condition not for the sake of the family but to impress others that may come over unannounced. The description of the house should show a reader that material possessions are of great importance to Shady Hill community members. The world outside their suburb remains more than an unknown quantity; in this case... ...d reality: â€Å"for if he couldn’t tell one person from another, what evidence was there that his life with Julia and the children had as much reality as his dream of iniquity in Paris or the litter, the grass smell, and the cave-shaped trees in Lovers’ Lane† (Cheever 85). There is a useful connection to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. In the end, Hawthorne and Cheever reintegrate their protagonists into their societies because, in fact, neither author really believes that there is any other arena for human fulfillment than that of human society. The Farquarsons’ maid is the unacknowledged Hester Prynne in the midst of Shady Hill, while Weed wrings his hands—or whittles wood—like a suburban Dimmesdale. At the end of â€Å"The Country Husband,† the real question concerns the nature of the suburban society into which Cheever reintegrates his characters.

Nurse Practitioner Interview Essay

I interviewed Durward â€Å"Durk† Lynch he is in my field of interest where I want to work as one day. He is a Nurse Practitioner at the Vanden Bosh Clinic and at the College Clinic. He gave information on his background and what drove him to be a Nurse Practitioner (NP). He really has had a lot of experience, as I will explain to you what he has shared. Durk was 18 years old graduating from high school and at the time he didn’t have the goal or even thought to be a (NP). He was volunteering in a hospital working with paralyzed patients. He was in his 1st year of college and majoring in Psychology. He really had an interest in writing on health and disease. He used to write in the newspaper on Health and Disease. When he took a job in HMO in 1977 in his 2nd semester in college; is when he met his 1st Nurse Practitioner. That’s when he set his goal to become a NP. He states,† He never heard of a Nurse Practitioner before, he only heard of a physician’s assistant â€Å". Durk was determined to gain the experience he needed and was not in a hurry to do so. He worked in Larned, Kansas in a state mental institution for the criminally insane. Including also working in 3 different types of jail environments. Durk was also, enlisted in the army for the Nurse Core in his junior year in college. He was a Nurse Orderly in our time now is called a nursing assistant for 4years. He was an officer 2nd lieutenant for 3 years in the army. When he was in Korea he gained experience in medical surgery. Durk also, gained experience in orthopedic, neurosurgery, working with drug abusers, and people who had addictions to drugs/alcohol. He continued to gain experience by taking a job in the Missouri Clinic. They had no hospital in the county. The clinic was all they had; he worked there for 10 years. When his patients needed care that he could not perform he would have to send the patients 50 miles out of the clinic just to see a cardiologist and etc. Durk took another job in Ganado, Arizona where he worked as an orderly with deliveries, surgeries, saw TB, and even buried people. When the family members didn’t want to bury them or no one wanted to, a long time ago Durk and the Janitor dug the holes and buried the dead patients. Now, he is currently a Nurse Practitioner here in Gallup he says his patients here are harder due to diabetes and hypertension. He recalls the hardest patients for him was when he worked in a Cancer Clinic that was very aggressive to helping the patient gain some hope to be cancer free. He states,† There was at least one patient dying every week†. This was a very hard field to work with because of the high deaths of kids, young and old patients. He was the only Nurse Practitioner to last a year there. Most of the NP’s only lasted to 6 months if that. My perceptions before the interview were was he is very happy with his career and seems to be an absolute good-hearted person. He loves what he does and has enjoyed getting the experience he has. He states, †I have still not experienced everything there is to experience and I have been a Nurse Practitioner for 30 years†. When I asked him about his background he was real happy to talk about his experiences. By the way he talks about his patients you can tell in his tone he cares a lot about his patients. He says the youngest patient he attended to was 2 weeks old and the oldest was 106 years old. He has seen a 5-generation family and really has a lot of fun with his job. When I interviewed Dr. Lynch on the following questions he was not expecting the questions I asked. I asked him the first question. What specific communication skill does people entering your lines of work require? He answered, â€Å"You have to be a good communicator to talk to other doctors and communicate on paper. You are always interacting with people to get the help you need for your patients†. The second question I asked him was how important are public speaking skills to your job? He answered, â€Å"I don’t really do that and when I do its occasionally†. The only time he had to talk in front of people was at a commencement ceremony. He doesn’t really like to talk in front of a huge crowd. The last question I asked was how important to success in your career is effective public speaking? He stated, â€Å"Public speaking is not a big event in my career. It’s not really what I do maybe I shy away from it. In my career I only talk one on one wi th my patients and there family. Everything I discuss with my patients is private and confidential. So therefore I don’t need to really give a speech among a crowd.† I really enjoyed the interview listening to his experience and made me want to strive even more to become a good Nurse Practitioner. His words were really helpful and he gave me helpful tips on what route to take to get to my career goals. I thanked him for his time and thanked him for the helpful advice. That was my interview that I chose to talk about according to my field I am interested in.

Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) remains a pivotal figure in American culture nearly thirty-five years after his death.   In his twenties and thirties, he was one of jazz’s foremost innovators, elevating the instrumental solo to a new and important role and helping invent the jazz style of singing.   Later in life, he became a widely popular entertainer rather than an innovator, a sort of â€Å"living legend† who preserved the music of yesteryear and projected a friendly, comical, widely imitated persona by which he is still remembered. Louis Armstrong was born in a poor section of New Orleans on 4 August 1901 but was unaware of his actual birthdate throughout his life.   He always claimed to be born on 4 July 1900, and this was accepted as fact until researchers found a birth certificate long after Armstrong’s death (Wikipedia). Fatherless and virtually motherless (his mother was a part-time prostitute who left him in his older sister’s care), he received little schooling and worked a series of menial jobs from an early age, including delivering coal and working for a family of Jewish junk merchants.   Despite a harsh, impoverished childhood in one of New Orleans’ most crime-ridden neighborhoods, he developed the optimistic personality that many Americans recognize. His musical training began at New Orleans’ Colored Waifs Home, where Armstrong was sent in early 1913 for firing a pistol in the air during a New Year’s Eve celebration.   During his 17 months at the home, he received instruction on the cornet and later recalled, â€Å"The place was more like a health center or a boarding school than a boys’ jail,† though the home was known for its harsh, militaristic discipline (Bergreen 73). After his release, he joined the city’s fertile musical community by performing in local jazz bands under Fate Marable (who taught him his strong professional ethic) and Kid Ory, as well as on riverboats. After meeting Joseph â€Å"King† Oliver and joining his pioneering jazz band, Armstrong became an exceptionally skilled instrumentalist and traveled to Chicago with Oliver, where he began recording in 1922 and went on his own within a few years. After leaving King Oliver’s band, Armstrong’s career flourished.   Biographer Laurence Bergreen writes, †It was as though Louis had taken [jazz] out of its infancy and given it a powerful breath of new life and independence† (Bergreen 200).   He formed a series of bands, most notably the Hot Five, with whom he had numerous hits (the first being â€Å"Muskrat Ramble† in 1926) and displayed his improvisational and interpretive skills.   Though he began as a trumpeter, he began singing as well during this period, using his unconventional, gravelly voice to develop scat singing, which other jazz artists adopted. He attained especially high standing among other jazz musicians for his virtuosity and ability to translate jazz (formerly the music of New Orleans’ street parades and dives) to records.   Bergreen notes that Armstrong â€Å"was the first important jazz musician to anticipate that his legacy would be actual recordings, not half-forgotten memories† (Bergreen 219), showing a shrewd side of his personality because early jazz artists (like its supposed creator, Buddy Bolden) were never able to reach a wider audience simply through live performance. After World War II, Armstrong was no longer a cutting-edge innovator, since jazz had by now evolved away from its New Orleans roots and transformed into swing and bebop.   However, says Bergreen, Armstrong â€Å"carved himself a unique niche in the music world . . . as a newly minted traditionalist† (Bergreen 433).   He began performing not only the New Orleans â€Å"hot† jazz he helped create but also pop, blues, Tin Pan Alley, and show tunes, winning him great popularity with the public but critical scorn. According to music critic Gary Giddins, â€Å"he was excoriated for playing pop tunes, fronting a swing band, appearing with media starts, sticking to a standardized repertory, engaging in vaudeville routines . . . mugging, entertaining† (Giddins 4).   However, this second phase of his career is as important as the first, since he never lost stature among his peers, produced some vital work (especially his collaborations with Ella Fitzgerald), and won an even wider following late in life. Armstrong was largely apolitical but strongly supported the civil rights movement, having experienced the effects of segregation his entire life.   He harshly criticized Dwight Eisenhower’s perceived inaction during the 1957 Little Rock school integration crisis, called Arkansas’ segregationist governor Orval Faubus â€Å"ignorant,† and snubbed the federal government by refusing to participate in a government-sponsored tour of the Soviet Union in 1958 (Wikipedia).   His warm, effusive, laid-back personality and friendliness toward people regardless of race led some to incorrectly dub him an â€Å"Uncle Tom,† though he generally refused to make race a personal issue. Armstrong essentially left two legacies – as innovator and entertainer.   Before reaching middle age, Armstrong’s accomplishments included his helping define jazz in its earliest years, as well as making the solo an important element of modern music.   In addition, he helped define jazz vocals and popularize scat singing, long a key element of jazz. After age forty, his second legacy was his familiarity to the American public and abroad, and he cared little about how some critics dismissed him for joining the cultural mainstream.   According to Giddins, Armstrong played almost any kind of material because he knew â€Å"that no song could diminish him and that he could lift most songs beyond their earthy calling† (Giddins 4).   According to Bergreen, â€Å"He was not just America’s greatest musical performer, he was also a character of epic proportions† (Bergreen 1).   More than thirty years after his death, Louis Armstrong remains one of the most recognizable Americans, hailed as both a creator and performer more than thirty years after his death. REFERENCES Anonymous.   †Louis Armstrong.†Ã‚   Wikipedia.   4 November 2005.   . Bergreen, Laurence.   Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life.   New York: Broadway Books, 1997. Giddins, Gary.   Satchmo: The Genius of Louis Armstrong.   New York: Da Capo Press, 1988.      

French Baby Talk - Les Mots Des Bébés

French Baby Talk - Les Mots Des Bà ©bà ©s Just like any other kids around the world, French children use a vocabulary that is quite different from what an adult says. Most are two syllable words, often the same syllable repeated twice. Or with a slight variation, just as in Maman and Papa. List of French Baby Talk Words AreuhYes, the first sound a French kid does is a real challenge for English speakers!  It doesnt mean anything. Its like gaga goo-goo, but thats what French people say to a baby - I guess they too need as much training as possible on this  French R sound!​ Maman  Young kids may say mama but the French word is maman. There is no shorter version such as Mom. PapaThats Daddy. Again, no Dad, Pops etc... in French Tata / tatieFor Auntie. Its short for une tante. TontonShort for oncle. Mà ©mà ©Short for Mamie, but many kids call their grandma mà ©mà ©. Other words include grand-mà ¨re, bonne-maman... Note that une mà ©mà © can have different meanings in French, such as an old person, or a young girl that goes into mischief...  Ma fille est une vraie mà ©mà © !My daughter is really a trouble-maker (but in a cute way). Pà ©pà ©Short for Papi (or Papy) - formal French would be le grand-pà ¨re or Grand-Papa, Bon Papa... Le loloLe lait. Le dodoThe act of sleeping, or going to bed. We say: Au dodo ! Get to bed! Le nounoursThis one comes from un ours and in both words, you should pronounce the final S. Its, of course, a teddy bear. Le doudouIts not what you think... Un doudou is actually a stuffed animal or teddy, or blankie a kid sleeps with. Not to be mistaken with...   Le caca / le popoWhich is poop. Wed say faire caca. Le pipiMore of almost the same... thats pee :-) Again, we say faire pipi - to go wee-wee. Le proutThis one is a fart. The formal French word would be une flatulence (very formal) or un pet (common French) Le ziziWeenie, penis. La zà ©zette is for girls. Lets change subject, shall we? Un dadaA horse. dada means on your horse - it may come from an old song, Im not sure. Un toutouA dog. I dont think there is a specific French baby word for cat. I guess un chat is simple enough. After Papa et Maman (and of course non) chat was the first word of my daughter. The next one was papillon (butterfly). Un boboAlmost like in English, a boo-boo.   Voil, now youre ready to handle a French kid!

Understanding Depth of Knowledge

Understanding Depth of Knowledge Depth of Knowledge (DOK) was developed through research by Norman L. Webb in the late 1990’s. It is defined as the complexity or depth of understanding that is required to answer an assessment question. Depth of Knowledge Levels Each level of complexity measures a students depth of knowledge. Here are a few keywords as well as descriptors for each depth of knowledge level. DOK Level 1 - (Recall - measure, recall, calculate, define, list, identify.) This category involves basic tasks that require students to recall information and/or reproduce knowledge/skills. This may involve simple procedures or working with facts or terms. Students do not need to figure out this level of DOK they either know the answer or they dont. DOK Level 2 - Skill/Concept - graph, classify, compare, estimate, summarize.) This DOK level requires students to compare and contrast, describe or explain, or convert information. It may involve going beyond describing, to explaining how or why. At this level, students may need to infer, estimate, or organize. DOK Level 3 - (Strategic Thinking - assess, investigate, formulate, draw conclusions, construct.) At this level students are required to use higher order thinking processes. They may be asked to solve real-world problems, predict outcomes, or analyze something. Students may need to access knowledge from multiple subject areas to reach a solution. DOK Level 4 - (Extended Thinking - analyze, critique, create, design, apply concepts.) Higher order thinking skills are essential at this level of DOK. Students must employ strategic thinking to solve problems at this level. Students will need to conduct, and synthesize as well as manage at level 4. Possible (DOK) Depth of Knowledge Stem Questions Possible Activities to Correlate Here are a few stem questions, along with potential activities that correlate with each DOK level. Use the following questions and activities when creating your common core assessments. DOK 1 Who Was ____?When did _____ happen?Can you recall_____?How can you recognize_____?Who discovered_____? Possible Activities Develop a concept map describing a topic.Create a chart.Write a summary report.Paraphrase a chapter in a book.Retell in your own words.Outline the main points. DOK 2 What did you notice about_____?How would you classify____?How are ____ alike? How are they different?How would you summarize_______?How could you organize______? Possible Activities Classify a series of steps.Create a diorama to illustrate an event.Explain the meaning of a concept or how to perform a task.Create a game about the topic.Make a topographical map. DOK 3 How would you test_____?How is ____ related to_____?Could you predict the outcome if____?How would you describe the sequence of_____?Can you elaborate on the reason of_____? Possible Activities Conduct a debate.Create a flowchart to show changes.Classify the actions of specific characters in a story.Explain a concept in abstract terms.Research and design an investigation to answer a question. DOK 4 Write a research paper on a topic.Apply information from one text to another to develop a persuasive argument.Write a thesis, drawing conclusions from multiple resources.Gather information to develop alternative explanations.What information can you gather to support your idea about _____? Possible Activities Create a graph or table to organize information.Create an idea and sell it.Write a jingle to advertise a product.Apply information to solve a problem that is in a novel.Develop a menu for a new restaurant. Sources: Depth of Knowledge s and Question Stems for Increasing Depth of Knowledge in the Classroom, and Webbs Depth of Knowledge Guide.

War of 1812 - Fighting in 1813

War of 1812 - Fighting in 1813 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned Assessing the Situation In the wake of the failed campaigns of 1812, newly re-elected President James Madison was forced to reassess the strategic situation along the Canadian border. In the Northwest, Major General William Henry Harrison had replaced the disgraced Brigadier General William Hull and was tasked with re-taking Detroit. Diligently training his men, Harrison was checked at the River Raisin and unable to advance without American control of Lake Erie. Elsewhere, New England remained reluctant to play an active role in supporting the war effort making a campaign against Quebec an unlikely prospect. As a result, it was decided to focus American efforts for 1813 on achieving victory on Lake Ontario and the Niagara frontier. Success on this front also required control of the lake. To this end, Captain Isaac Chauncey had been dispatched to Sackets Harbor, NY in 1812 for the purpose of constructing a fleet on Lake Ontario. It was believed that victory in and around Lake Ontario would cut off Upper Cana da and open the way for an attack on Montreal. The Tide Turns at Sea Having achieved stunning success over the Royal Navy in a series of ship-to-ship actions in 1812, the small US Navy sought to continue its run of good form by attacking British merchant ships and remaining on the offensive. To this end, the frigate USS Essex (46 guns) under Captain David Porter, patrolled the South Atlantic scooping up prizes in late 1812, before rounding Cape Horn in January 1813. Seeking to strike the British whaling fleet in the Pacific, Porter arrived at Valparaiso, Chile in March. For the remainder of the year, Porter cruised with great success and inflicted heavy losses on British shipping. Returning to Valparaiso in January 1814, he was blockaded by the British frigate HMS Phoebe (36) and sloop of war HMS Cherub (18). Fearing that additional British ships were en route, Porter attempted to break out on March 28. As Essex exited the harbor, it lost its main topmast in a freak squall. With his ship damaged, Porter was unable to return to port and soon brought to action by the British. Standing off Essex, which was largely armed with short-range carronades, the British pounded Porters ship with their long guns for over two hours ultimately forcing him to surrender. Among those captured on board was young Midshipman David G. Farragut who would later lead the Union Navy during the Civil War. While Porter was enjoying success in the Pacific, the British blockade began to tighten along the American coast keeping many of the US Navys heavy frigates in port. While the effectiveness of the US Navy was hampered, hundreds of American privateers preyed upon British shipping. During the course of the war, they captured between 1,175 and 1,554 British ships. One ship that was at sea early in 1813 was Master Commandant James Lawrences brig USS Hornet (20). On February 24, he engaged and captured the brig HMS Peacock (18) off the coast of South America. Returning home, Lawrence was promoted to captain and given command of the frigate USS Chesapeake (50) at Boston. Completing repairs to ship, Lawrence prepared to put to sea in late May. This was hastened by the fact that only one British ship, the frigate HMS Shannon (52), was blockading the harbor. Commanded by Captain Philip Broke, Shannon was a crack ship with a highly trained crew. Eager to engage the American, Broke issued a cha llenge to Lawrence to meet him in battle. This proved unnecessary as Chesapeake emerged from the harbor on June 1. Possessing a larger, but greener crew, Lawrence sought to continue the US Navys streak of victories. Opening fire, the two ships battered each other before coming together. Ordering his men to prepare to board Shannon, Lawrence was mortally wounded. Falling, his last words were reputedly, Dont give up the Ship! Fight her till she sinks. Despite this encouragement, the raw American sailors were quickly overwhelmed by Shannons crew and Chesapeake was soon captured. Taken to Halifax, it was repaired and saw service in the Royal Navy until being sold in 1820. We Have Met the Enemy... As American naval fortunes were turning at sea, a naval building race was underway on the shores of Lake Erie. In an attempt to regain naval superiority on the lake, the US Navy began construction of two 20-gun brigs at Presque Isle, PA (Erie, PA). In March 1813, the new commander of American naval forces on Lake Erie, Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry, arrived at Presque Isle. Assessing his command, he found that there was a general shortage of supplies and men. While diligently overseeing the construction of the two brigs, named USS Lawrence and USS Niagara, Perry traveled to Lake Ontario in May 1813, to secure additional seamen from Chauncey. While there, he collected several gunboats for use on Lake Erie. Departing from Black Rock, he was nearly intercepted by the new British commander on Lake Erie, Commander Robert H. Barclay. A veteran of Trafalgar, Barclay had arrived at the British base of Amherstburg, Ontario on June 10. Though both sides were hampered by supply issues they worked through the summer to complete their fleets with Perry finishing his two brigs and Barclay commissioning the 19-gun ship HMS Detroit. Having gained naval superiority, Perry was able to cut the British supply lines to Amherstburg forcing Barclay to seek battle. Departing Put-in-Bay on September 10, Perry maneuvered to engage the British squadron. Commanding from Lawrence, Perry flew a large battle flag emblazoned with his friends dying command, Dont Give Up the Ship! In the resulting Battle of Lake Erie, Perry won a stunning victory that saw bitter fighting and the American commander compelled to switch ships midway through the engagement. Capturing the entire British squadron, Perry sent a brief dispatch to Harrison announcing, We have met the enemy and they are ours. 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned Victory in the Northwest As Perry was constructing his fleet through the first part of 1813, Harrison was on the defensive in western Ohio. Constructing a major base at Fort Meigs, he repelled an attack led by Major General Henry Proctor and Tecumseh in May. A second attack was turned back in July as well as one against Fort Stephenson (August 1). Building his army, Harrison was ready to go on the offensive in September following Perrys victory on the lake. Moving forward with his Army of the Northwest, Harrison sent 1,000 mounted troops overland to Detroit while the bulk of his infantry was transported there by Perrys fleet. Recognizing the danger of his situation, Proctor abandoned Detroit, Fort Malden, and Amherstburg and began retreating east (Map). Retaking Detroit, Harrison began pursuing the retreating British. With Tecumseh arguing against falling back, Proctor finally turned to make a stand along the Thames River near Moraviantown. Approaching on October 5, Harrison assaulted Proctors position during the Battle of the Thames. In the fighting, the British position was shattered and Tecumseh killed. Overwhelmed, Proctor and a few of his men fled while the majority were captured by Harrisons army. One of the few clear cut American victories of the conflict, the Battle of the Thames effectively won the war in the Northwest for the United States. With Tecumseh dead, the threat of Native American attacks subsided and Harrison concluded an armistice with several tribes at Detroit. Burning a Capital In preparation for the main American push at Lake Ontario, Major General Henry Dearborn was ordered to position 3,000 men at Buffalo for a strike against Forts Erie and George as well as 4,000 men at Sackets Harbor. This second force was to attack Kingston at the upper outlet of the lake. Success on both fronts would sever the lake from Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River. At Sackets Harbor, Chauncey had rapidly constructed a fleet that had wrested naval superiority away from his British counterpart, Captain Sir James Yeo. The two naval officers would conduct a building war for the remainder of the conflict. Though several naval engagements were fought, neither was willing to risk their fleet in a decisive action. Meeting at Sackets Harbor, Dearborn and Chauncey began to have misgivings about the Kingston operation despite the fact that the objective was only thirty miles away. While Chauncey fretted about possible ice around Kingston, Dearborn was concerned about the size of the Br itish garrison. Instead of striking at Kingston, the two commanders instead elected to conduct a raid against York, Ontario (present-day Toronto). Though of minimal strategic value, York was the capital of Upper Canada and Chauncey had intelligence that two brigs were under construction there. Departing on April 25, Chaunceys ships carried Dearborns troops across the lake to York. Under the direct control of Brigadier General Zebulon Pike, these troops landed on April 27. Opposed by forces under Major General Roger Sheaffe, Pike succeeded in taking the town after a sharp fight. As the British retreated, they detonated their powder magazine killing numerous Americans including Pike. In the wake of the fighting, American troops began looting the town and burned the Parliament Building. After occupying the town for a week, Chauncey and Dearborn withdrew. While a victory, the attack on York did little to alter the strategic outlook on the lake and behavior of the American forces would influence British actions the following year. Triumph and Defeat Along the Niagara Following the York operation, Secretary of War John Armstrong chastised Dearborn for failing to accomplish anything of strategic value and blamed him for Pikes death. In response, Dearborn and Chauncey began shifting troops south for an assault on Fort George in late May. Alerted to this fact, Yeo and the Governor General of Canada, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, made immediate plans to attack Sackets Harbor while American forces were occupied along the Niagara. Departing Kingston, they landed outside of the town on May 29 and moved to destroy the shipyard and Fort Tompkins. These operations were quickly disrupted by a mixed regular and militia force led by Brigadier General Jacob Brown of the New York militia. Surrounding the British beachhead, his men poured heavy fire into Prevosts troops and compelled them to withdraw. For his part in the defense, Brown was offered a brigadier generals commission in the regular army. At the other end of the lake, Dearborn and Chauncey moved forward with their attack on Fort George. Again delegating operational command, this time to Colonel Winfield Scott, Dearborn watched as American troops conducted an early morning amphibious assault on May 27. This was supported by a force of dragoons crossing the Niagara River upstream at Queenston which was tasked with cutting off the British line of retreat to Fort Erie. Clashing with Brigadier General John Vincents troops outside of the fort, the Americans succeeded in driving off the British with the aid of naval gunfire support from Chaunceys ships. Forced to surrender the fort and with the route south blocked, Vincent abandoned his posts on the Canadian side of the river and retreated west. As a result, American troops crossed the river and occupied Fort Erie (Map). 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned Having lost the dynamic Scott to a broken collarbone, Dearborn ordered Brigadier Generals William Winder and John Chandler west to pursue Vincent. Political appointees, neither possessed significant military experience. On June 5/6, Vincent counterattacked at the Battle of Stoney Creek and succeeded in capturing both generals. On the lake, Chaunceys fleet had departed for Sackets Harbor only to be replaced by Yeos. Threatened from the lake, Dearborn lost his nerve and ordered a withdrawal to a perimeter around Fort George. The situation worsened on June 24, when an American force under Lieutenant Colonel Charles Boerstler was crushed at the Battle of Beaver Dams. For his weak performance, Dearborn was recalled on July 6 and replaced with Major General James Wilkinson. Failure on the St. Lawrence Generally disliked by most officers in US Army for his prewar intrigues in Louisiana, Wilkinson was instructed by Armstrong to strike at Kingston before moving down the St. Lawrence. In doing so he was to link up with forces advancing north from Lake Champlain under Major General Wade Hampton. This combined force would in turn attack Montreal. After stripping the Niagara frontier of most of its troops, Wilkinson prepared to move out. Finding that Yeo had concentrated his fleet at Kingston, he decided to make only a feint in that direction before advancing down the river. To the east, Hampton began moving north toward the border. His advance was hampered by the recent loss of naval superiority on Lake Champlain. This forced him to swing west to the headwaters of the Chateauguay River. Moving downstream, he crossed the border with around 4,200 men after the New York militia refused to leave the country. Opposing Hampton was Lieutenant Colonel Charles de Salaberry who possessed a mixed force of around 1,500 men. Occupying a strong position approximately fifteen miles below the St. Lawrence, de Salaberrys men fortified their line and waited for the Americans. Arriving on October 25, Hampton surveyed the British position and attempted to flank it. In a minor engagement known as the Battle of the Chateauguay, these efforts were repulsed. Believing the British force to be larger than it was, Hampton broke off the action and returned south. Moving forward, Wilkinsons 8,000-men force left Sackets Harbor on October 17. In poor health and taking heavy doses of laudanum, Wilkinson pushed downstream with Brown leading his vanguard. His force was pursued by an 800-man British force led by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Morrison. Tasked with delaying Wilkinson so additional troops could reach Montreal, Morrison proved an effective annoyance to the Americans. Tired of Morrison, Wilkinson dispatched 2,000 men under Brigadier General John Boyd to attack the British. Striking on November 11, they assaulted the British lines at the Battle of Cryslers Farm. Repulsed, Boyds men were soon counterattacked and driven from the field. Despite this defeat, Wilkinson pressed on toward Montreal. Reaching the mouth of the Salmon River and having learned that Hampton had retreated, Wilkinson abandoned the campaign, re-crossed the river, and went into winter quarters at French Mills, NY. The winter saw Wilkinson and Hampton exchange letters with Arm strong over who was to blame for the campaigns failure. A Dismal End As the American thrust towards Montreal was coming to an end, the situation on the Niagara frontier reached a crisis. Stripped of troops for Wilkinsons expedition, Brigadier General George McClure decided to abandon Fort George in early December after learning that Lieutenant General George Drummond was approaching with British troops. Retiring across the river to Fort Niagara, his men burned the village of Newark, ON before departing. Moving into Fort George, Drummond began preparations to assault Fort Niagara. This moved forward on December 19 when his forces overwhelmed the forts small garrison. Outraged over the burning of Newark, British troops moved south and razed Black Rock and Buffalo on December 30. While 1813 had started with great hope and promise for the Americans, the campaigns on the Niagara and St. Lawrence frontiers met with failure similar to those of the year before. As in 1812, the smaller British forces had proved adept campaigners and the Canadians showed a willingness to fight to protect their homes rather than throw off the yoke of British rule. Only in the Northwest and Lake Erie did American forces achieve an undisputed victory. While the triumphs of Perry and Harrison helped bolster national morale, they occurred in arguably the least important theater of the war as victory on Lake Ontario or the St. Lawrence would have caused British forces around Lake Erie to whither on the vine. Forced to endure another long winter, the American public was subjected to a tightening blockade and the threat of increased British strength in the spring as the Napoleonic Wars neared an end. 1812: Surprises at Sea Ineptitude on Land | War of 1812: 101 | 1814: Advances in the North A Capital Burned

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Human Resources Management - Essay Example Although there has been quite a lot of negative feedbacks with regards to PETernity leave in other countries, it remains a fact that the benefits of implementing five days unpaid leave to VMA employees who wishes to adopt a new dog or cat less than 10 months old. There are many people who would give extra time and care for their pets. In line with this, VMA HR manager should take advantage of this sentiment in order to keep more employees feel more accepted and motivated to work better and stay longer with the company. Likewise, HR manager can make use of this option as a way of attracting new employees other than the typical HR strategies like offering of flexible working approach like part-time job, flexy time at work, job sharing, unpaid leaves, and industry pay standards. Since VMA’s PETernity leave does not apply to employees with pets more than 10 months old, the HR manager is adviced to improve this HR policy by extending the PETernity leave benefits to its employees who have pets like dogs and cats regardless of the pets’ age, breed, and gender. Established back in October 2000, Virgin Mobile Australia (VMA) is a telecommunications company that offers a wide-range of mobile communication products and services including the access to mobile broadband through its 3,500 retail store outlets nationwide (Virgin Mobile, 2009a; van der Walt, Morris, & Simsek, 2007). As of 2008, VMA was considered the 4th telecommunication company in Australia that was given the authority to sell Apple iPhone 3G (MacBlogz, 2008). Serving more than 400,000 customers in Australia (van der Walt, Morris, & Simsek, 2007), the company is challenged to improve and maintain the quality service that is given to its customers. Because of the continuous business expansion and tight market competition within the telecommunication industry, the HR manager of VMA should continuously improve the employment benefit packages not only to attract competitive

Credit cards can be a blessing and curse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Credit cards can be a blessing and curse - Essay Example The monthly statement of your expenditures can allow individuals to keep a record about their expenditures. It allows one to trace that where he is spending more. In addition, credit cards are also a quick source of emerging cash at the times of need but are dependent on the credit line of the customer. If the individual makes monthly payment on time it can build credit rating. On the contrary, credit card has enormous of disadvantages. In the contemporary times, high inflation rates and strict monetary policies have made credits expensive. A certain amount of interest is charged on every purchase, which eventually increases the price of the commodity more. In addition, the easy excess to borrowing allows one to spend more than his or her limits. This shows that individuals spend more than their capacity and this eventually lead people to face credit issues that can also influence reputation. In case of the monthly payments being delayed, a penalty fee is charged on the late payment. This penalty becomes burden for the person who is already facing issues to pay off his or her pervious debts. Moreover, the interest rate that is being charged on the credit card is a lot, the lowest interest card rate is about 11.18 percent, which goes up to a high of 23.95 percent in current times. This means that purchases on credit cards are far expensive than purchases ma de with cash or debit cards. In case, if your credit card is lost or stolen the others can misuse it. The misuse of the credit card can lead an individual to face certain legal issues till they are cleared. Furthermore, banks charge additional amount of about $50 for the lost or stolen of the credit card. As monthly payments on time can improve your credit rating, contrarily in case of late payments credit bureaus reduce your credit rating that can be a major obstacle for the approvals of future loans. Credit cards

How can IR theories be brigged Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How can IR theories be brigged - Essay Example Some of the core theories surrounding international relation are that of idealism, Realism, Marxism, Functionalism, Dependency theory, Critical theories and other areas such as international ethics and rationalism. There are some major gaps between the international relation theory owing to the time factor as well as the evolution of new ways and dimension to the theories. It is possible to bridge the theories in international relation and bring in a whole new dimension to the area. There were two distinct enterprises when it comes to international relations. The first set of theories dealt with the organization and dynamics of international relations. These theories provided concrete policies that are directly aimed at international relations. Proliferation of theories based on these few areas gave rise to concern and opened the arena for the new theories. The second set of theories that came about at a later point of time aims at giving us a thorough understanding of the internatio nal relation but in an indirect manner. Some of the first set theories include liberalism and realism whereas the second set comprises of ontological and epistemological issues that indirectly leads us to international relations. ... Instead, both the areas should be read together and thus bridging of international theories becomes very much crucial to get to the crux of the subject matter. Such implicit and explicit area of international theory will open new arenas or close unwanted views. This bridging will definitely help us understand the world of politics in a better manner. For instance, let us take the example of bridging of the Constructivism and Feminism in International Relations. Both of these theories belong to Critical international relations theory which believes that the behavior of the state as well as an individual can be changed. Constructivism is a discipline in international relation which believes that a prominent portion of the international relation is subject to historical and social contingency than the influence of the necessary consequences of human activities or that of world politics. Feminism, on the other hand, is the area of that target at the gender concerns in the international r elations and politics arena. The IR feminism looks into to the areas of international politics affected by men and women and the gendered factors surrounding some of the major areas of international relations. Both feminism and constructivism seems way apart but they seem to merge at a single point. Feminism is a historical and social contingency that has a major influence in the international politics. This is where the merging happens, thereby providing us a new area called Feminist constructivism. Feminist constructivism is an IR theory that is built upon the concept of construction as well as studies as to the influence of gender in world politics. A deeper look into construction will lead you through a way to understand

Finding Magic in the Natural and the Common Essay

Finding Magic in the Natural and the Common - Essay Example This essay explores the magic in daily life through these stories. What is magical in people's lives is their ability to imagine and to appreciate common events, acts, and liberties. Human imagination presents fertile ground for magic, as it concocts beautiful ideas and images that cannot be realistically enjoyed in real life. Cortazar's Letter to a Young Lady in Paris is about a man who vomits bunnies. Such an occurrence has not been documented yet as possible in real life, but the idea of creating bunnies in itself is a creative idea that makes life magical. With an active imagination like Cortazar's, people can escape life's chaos and dreariness and live in another world. They can find new ways of seeing and doing their duties and tasks and enjoy the novelty of their creative ideas. New images also, by themselves, generate magic, such as magic of wonder, enjoyment, and happiness. Imagination presents magical moments that can occur in daily life. Common events and acts can also lea d to magic. Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema talks about a society that turns common activities and behaviors into something magical. The Nacirema are people who both ironically value and devalue their physical bodies through their spiritual rites. On the one hand, they value their physical bodies by ascribing holiness to their body parts. ... Very sick people also go to latipso ceremonies. These ceremonies are quite perplexing to other people not used to these customs. Apparently, the Nacirema can only enter the temples that hold these ceremonies by bearing lavish gifts, even if they are aware that â€Å"[it] is where [they] go to die† (Miner). At the same time, these â€Å"patients† cannot also leave the temple without bearing more lavish gifts. In other words, they pay to get hurt. What is magical in these acts is that they are crucial to people's development. Miner cites Malinowski who says that without crude and irrelevant magic, â€Å"early man could not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done, nor could man have advanced to the higher stages of civilization.† But what is higher civilization anyway? Perhaps a higher civilization is one that is kinder and more loving. Otake et al. shows that kindness is magical too, because it makes people happier. The more kindness that people â⠂¬Å"give† forward, the more they feel connected to other human beings. This can be the kind of connection that makes people more human, and in turn, helps them feel happier â€Å"in† their humanity. Even in desperate times, kindness can alleviate the emptiness of life. In Man’s Search for Meaning, Frankl argues that people can find something meaningful in what could otherwise be meaningless existence. As a former prisoner during the Holocaust, he is a man who has survived great tribulations and has come out with his identity and soul intact. He believes in the value of being â€Å"worthy† of one's â€Å"sufferings,† for it provides â€Å"spiritual freedom† that makes life worth living for (72). People can

African American Religion Hoodoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

African American Religion Hoodoo - Essay Example Although most of its adherents are black, contrary to popular opinion, it has always been practiced by both whites and blacks in America. Other regionally popular names for hoodoo in the black community include "con-juration," "conjure," "witchcraft," "rootwork," and "tricking." The hoodoo tradition places emphasis on personal magical power and thus it lacks strong links to any spe-cific form of theology and can be adapted to any one of several forms of outward reli-gious worship. Although an individual practitioner may take on students, hoodoo is not an obviously hierarchical system. Teachings and rituals are handed down from a one practitioner to another, but there are no priests or priestesses and no division be-tween initiates and laity (Haskins, 1978, p. 13, 124). Like the folk magic of many other cultures, hoodoo attributes magical properties to herbs, roots, minerals (especially the lodestone), animal parts, and the personal pos-sessions and bodily effluvia of people. The African origins of hoodoo can clearly be seen in such non-European magical customs as jinxing, hot footing, foot track magic, crossing, and crossroads magic, in which are embedded remnants of the folkloric be-liefs of various African tribes.

Finding Magic in the Natural and the Common Essay

Finding Magic in the Natural and the Common - Essay Example This essay explores the magic in daily life through these stories. What is magical in people's lives is their ability to imagine and to appreciate common events, acts, and liberties. Human imagination presents fertile ground for magic, as it concocts beautiful ideas and images that cannot be realistically enjoyed in real life. Cortazar's Letter to a Young Lady in Paris is about a man who vomits bunnies. Such an occurrence has not been documented yet as possible in real life, but the idea of creating bunnies in itself is a creative idea that makes life magical. With an active imagination like Cortazar's, people can escape life's chaos and dreariness and live in another world. They can find new ways of seeing and doing their duties and tasks and enjoy the novelty of their creative ideas. New images also, by themselves, generate magic, such as magic of wonder, enjoyment, and happiness. Imagination presents magical moments that can occur in daily life. Common events and acts can also lea d to magic. Miner’s Body Ritual Among the Nacirema talks about a society that turns common activities and behaviors into something magical. The Nacirema are people who both ironically value and devalue their physical bodies through their spiritual rites. On the one hand, they value their physical bodies by ascribing holiness to their body parts. ... Very sick people also go to latipso ceremonies. These ceremonies are quite perplexing to other people not used to these customs. Apparently, the Nacirema can only enter the temples that hold these ceremonies by bearing lavish gifts, even if they are aware that â€Å"[it] is where [they] go to die† (Miner). At the same time, these â€Å"patients† cannot also leave the temple without bearing more lavish gifts. In other words, they pay to get hurt. What is magical in these acts is that they are crucial to people's development. Miner cites Malinowski who says that without crude and irrelevant magic, â€Å"early man could not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done, nor could man have advanced to the higher stages of civilization.† But what is higher civilization anyway? Perhaps a higher civilization is one that is kinder and more loving. Otake et al. shows that kindness is magical too, because it makes people happier. The more kindness that people â⠂¬Å"give† forward, the more they feel connected to other human beings. This can be the kind of connection that makes people more human, and in turn, helps them feel happier â€Å"in† their humanity. Even in desperate times, kindness can alleviate the emptiness of life. In Man’s Search for Meaning, Frankl argues that people can find something meaningful in what could otherwise be meaningless existence. As a former prisoner during the Holocaust, he is a man who has survived great tribulations and has come out with his identity and soul intact. He believes in the value of being â€Å"worthy† of one's â€Å"sufferings,† for it provides â€Å"spiritual freedom† that makes life worth living for (72). People can

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Internship report - Essay Example The intern was also able to participate in market campaigns for the different products sold by Unilever. The intern performed duties such as communicating with agents and following up their progress in the market, emailing customers and sales agents, and helping in the daily activities of the department. The purpose of the internship was to expose the student to real life situations where one would be able to apply the theoretical principles learned in class. They were also expected to be creative and innovative and help the marketing department in designing market research and product promotion techniques. An intern was also supposed to apply reasoning and show high sense of responsibility. Marketing is both a theoretical and practical skill. After getting the theoretical concepts related to marketing and the market, it is important that someone gets access to a real market and apply the skills learned in class. This is very important and helps one to develop decision-making skills and get to know the challenges in marketing. This report covers the activities conducted by an intern during the internship period at Unilever Company. It covers what was accomplished during the internship period and the learning outcomes that were met during the internship period. This report also gives recommendations on what the company can implement to increase its sales and operations. It also gives tips that the company can adopt to give better internship to future interns. The report is basically based on the marketing of Dove and the related challenges as seen in the market. It gives the strategies used by Unilever to ensure high sales volume in their products. It also covers the str ategies used by Unilever to ensure that they compete favorably in the market. A number of marketing campaigns have been highlighted to show the activities the intern participated to boost sales and track

Harvard Case Study Analysis Essay Example for Free

Harvard Case Study Analysis Essay What is an ANALYSIS? analysis Function: noun Inflected Form(s): plural analy ·ses \- s z\ Etymology: New Latin, from Greek, from analyein to dissolve (from ana- + lyein to loosen, dissolve) + -sis -1 : separation or breaking up of a whole into its fundamental elements or component parts 2 a : a detailed examination of anything complex (as a novel, an organization, a race) made in order to understand its nature or to determine its essential features : a thorough study b : the presentation, usually in writing, of such an analysis Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary Case Studies: How they work YOU ARE THE MANAGER. Read carefully Perform Analysis Come up with recommendations Analysis: Thought Process Questions Break up Details matter! †¢ What problem are we trying to solve? †¢ What are the main problems? †¢ Break up the whole story into parts †¢ Analyze what’s important †¢ Do detailed examination †¢ Determine essential features 4 The Process of Building a Marketing Plan Step 1: Situation Analysis Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: SWOT Analysis Problem Identification Solutions Recommendation/ Evaluation Step 1: Situation Analysis †¢ Evaluation of an organization’s current situation, opportunities, and problems. Ask Yourself: †¢ What is going on? †¢ Who is the company? †¢ What is the company’s background? †¢ What industry are they part of? Step 1: Situation Analysis The Five C’s Customer Needs What needs do we seek to satisfy? Company Skills Competition Collaborators What special competence do we possess to meet those needs? Who competes with us in meeting those needs? Who should we enlist to help us and how do we motivate them? Context What cultural, technological and legal factors limit the possible? Applying the Marketing Mix to a Target Market †¢Is there current price competitive? †¢Are they distributing their product? †¢Any current problems with their product? †¢Are they running promotions to increase sales? †¢Are the promotions hurting sales? 8 Step 2: SWOT Analysis Internal Strengths Things that are good now, maintain them, build on them and use as leverage Weaknesses Things that are bad now, remedy, change or stop them. Opportunities Things that are good for the future, prioritize them, capture them, build on them and optimize Threats Things that are bad for the future, put in plans to manage them or counter them External 9 Step 3: Problem/Decision Statement Identification of the main problem, opportunity Ex: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Does the company have declining sales? Are the promotions hurting sales? Should the company fire employees? Is the company spending too much money on promotions 0r advertising? Step 4: Solutions/Recomendations What are you going to do about the problem? What are the alternative choices into solving the company’s problem? Ex: If the problem is declining sales due to the current economic situation†¦ Run promotions Offer benefit programs Offer rewards for purchase Strategic Market Planning Process Components of Case Analysis †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Background Problem Identification Statement of Objective(s) Situation Analysis Description and Evaluation of Alternatives Conclusions/Recommendations 13 End.

Study On The Visionary Of Leadership

Study On The Visionary Of Leadership A leader has a vision, humility and courage to learn and grow constantly and develop a vision of the future and a plan to achieve the vision by setting a direction which takes him to the success. Leadership makes ability in a person to do what they dont like and then they like to do it. In the Morden world only study of management will not help to solve the problems on the sufficient level. People who add the leadership role to their primary role have little or no need to fall back on the sanctions which support their authority. The organization culture and value depend on the quality leadership because the more important role of the leader is a motivation. In organization leadership increase the performance of other roles by motivation. Leadership has a critical role in the creation of successful organization. Leadership always related to outcomes and situational aspects. In organization leadership is an important factor (Arvonen, 2002; Yukl, 2006; Arnetz, 2005). Leadership theory traditionally included two dimensions derived from factor analysis. According to Arvonen, 2002 and Yukl, 2006 there are two dimensions relation and structure orientation. The balance between these dimensions as they relate to different desired organizational outcome and many researchers discussed about this from past several decades. Andersen 1995 says Leadership research assumes that leadership considerable influence people on organizational effectiveness but Winston Churchill define leadership concisely as a ability to influence people set aside their personal concerns and port a large agenda. Churchill made it clear that effective leaders motivate people to perform beyond and above the call of duty in order to enhance group success. Leadership effectiveness is not who exerts the most influence or who control the group. Churchill suggests that the leadership is the best source of the organizational competitive advantage. The other definition of leadership is that it is the act of engaging, satisfying and stimulating the motives of followers that take followers towards a mutually shared vision. This theory embraces three components; leader, followers and the context. There are different categories of leader which define different approaches of the leadership. Leaders who have vision, humility and courage makes them effective leader. This quality makes them visible and outstanding. They use their quality because they know what to do with themselves. Leader always has great relation with the people around him because the though power of leadership does not come from inside or personal character, its come when people love their leader and on the other hand leader must be a great supporter, encourager and he know what to do with their people, how they feel safe and the part of corporate community. Good leader always maintain proper communication and create effective leadership. Effective leader know how to use communication channels to create good environment in the organization. The very fearful communication channel in the organization is a clogged channel. Organization effectiveness or the root issue lies at the failure of the misunderstanding and the communication. Leader has to make a systematic work environment in the organization because leader knows that what is going on in the organization and he maintain the systemic or holistic picture of the organization. The big role of the leader in the organization is to help his people by systematic thinking. So different categories of the leaders make up components of the organization, the leader and the style of led and the most important is the connection between them that call as communication channel. The other category is to see organization in a systematic manner by different leadership style. Visionary Leadership The visionary leadership always joint to the disciple for the successful leadership. There are different type of leadership style which would help organization to move in a right way. Different types of leadership style have ability to change in the organization (Bas, 2002; Kanungo and Conger, 1998; Sashkin, 1998) the quality of visionary leadership is very much greater than before by estimating the change of the organization that will be a lot simply by some leaders. Need of vision The sustaining and sustainable vision is not something that can be built by a person or a group of a person in the organization. It shows the corporate future, which is something that could not be achieved by the few but can only be accomplished with synergy that emanates from the active participation of the all. The attainment of an organizational vision is based on the mobilisation of bias and the pursuit that mobilisation must be of the many not of the few. If the staffs work together on the task the organization can fulfil the goals that cant be achieve by one or two people. The characteristics of vision It is a comprehensive view of the future. It acts as a guide when dealing with uncertainty and complex events. It affords a means for overcoming employee inertia. It holds out the real prospect of the vision being changed and adapted. It indicates a change from the past and present to a new, dynamic future. It creates a context for individuals to locate their work schedules within a collective Framework. It draws people together in pursuit of a super ordinate goal. It provides a rationale for action. It presents a standard against which to judge and make choices. It serves as a means to align corporate activities. The characteristics of effective vision It meets the needs of the new, individual contribution, educated worker to be engaged in making valued, corporate efforts. It focuses energy on the outcome of collective effort and not simply upon the outcome of individual efforts. It depicts a whole, a totality, into which people can place themselves, their feelings and their attitudes. It unites and inspires people to make an extra effort in pursuit of collective and individual goals. It creates a positive attitude that people can expand in their own immediate work Environments. Literature Review The visionary leadership emerged in 1990 as a matter of utmost interest to go in various field including the education sector (Montagomery and Gowe 2003, Thomson 2003, Fehlis 2005), stazesky 2000, political science. The literature review of the management which include the origin, significant characteristics, visionary leadership process. The origin Mary Parker Follett has worked on the origin of visionary leadership, contribution, cooperation, group membership and participation as early as 75 years ago (McLamey and Rhyno 1990). Significant of leadership Significant of visionary leadership describe the success, growth of the corporate survival in the todays challenging environment. Determination of corporate success and failure According to Tellis (2006), the determination of corporate success and failure of the company is based on its internal culture. Likewisw has described the six leadership styles: visionary, affiliative, directive, coaching, participative and pace-setting. Peace-setting style is belongs to demotivating and low performing organization and the visionary, coaching, participative and affiliative styles present the high motivated and cultured organization. Visionary leadership as a powerful strategic device According to Chopra and Ahmad (2004, pp. 51-54) suggest that the visionary leaders share and express the organization mission and goals in a easy and simple way so that everybody can understand. Their vision statement is always in a tangible and easy understood way. Their vision and mission statement is to help for the management. Visionary leadership develop the clarity, flexibility and focus in the organization. It is use as a powerful strategic device for organization growth and to motivate the employees. Visionary leadership for full use of people potential Visionary leadership put people in to the highest possible realms of human potential. It helps to drive and awake the human inner strength and inspire the immense potential translation in to action. They spread the roots of their vision so that they take people in to the reality. They challenge, line between the inspired world and the material world of action. Stimulating innovation Based on Over 300 sample of company, Tellis and Chandi (1998) demonstrate that vision of the leader have put impact on the radical innova tion. According to Bob Webb (Motivation tool.com) visionary leader are building todays organizations and they are using human affects in a totally different way. Wal-Mart airlines give the beat example by moving responsibility to the frontline. By this decision employees got the full opportunity to develop their capability and the power of decision making. Characteristics of visionary leadership (convergent perspective) There are many convergent prospective of visionary leadership. According to Bennis (1990), the leaders of 21st century would have the power of creating the vision and turn that vision in to the reality. The leaders ensure that their followers are highly motivated and flexible to take necessary action to achieve the vision (White and Hodgson, 2002, p.184). Kahan (2002) says that visionary leadership is a transformative and power based inspiration; include the social responsibility as its modus operandi. Visionary leadership is to increase the performance. Westley and Mintzberg (1989) says that visionary leadership is a dynamic and its involves three stages- The vision of the desired future of the organization The vision should be shared and served Every follower must know that so they can enact the vision Starratt 1995 suggest that visionary leaders embrace with the sense of security and they know that one day the dream will come true. Vision gets shape according to sharing of the vision. Strong vision can define what will come and what will happen. Green (2006) says that visionary leaders are charismatic, super creative and inspiring with lots of possibilities that how vision can improve. They identify the contact and potential it into active energy. They try to find new ways of getting thing done. Malloy and Fontaine (2006) says that visionary leadership focuses on communication and clarity. Perspective of centre for visionary leadership Corinne McLaughlin (2006), executive director, centre for visionary leadership, asserts that visionary leader can see wonderful vision for the future. They have great inspiration with articulating as well as bringing those visions in to the world and transforming in the same way. They can effectively articulate their vision because they are creating specific goals. Leadership basically characterized by a clear inspirational vision, innovative action, commitment to core spiritual value and empowering relationship. Visionary leaders are equipped with a high level of commitment to spiritual values. They have a sense of energy and personal integrity. They are elevated by exercise more relation and the power. Moreover, the base of the leadership for them is inspirational positive picture of the future and the clear sense of direction in reaching there. They are marked of empowering relationship. They can create shared sense of vision. They transform paradigms or old mantel maps and evolve strategies which are outside the box of conventional thought. They focus on the opportunities not on the problems. The process of visionary leadership Visionary leadership comes as interactive, dynamic process and its available in a different forms. Westley and Mintzberg (1989) describe the visionary leadership by using the metaphor of drama. In the drama action and communication occur simultaneously. The audience, actor and the action and the ideas are all synchronized to form a united whole in the unfolding drama. Its all starts with the repetition. The actor has the excellent knowledge of the particular subject. Just as the actor rehearses for the moment they step on the stage, this moment of the vision is a visionary practice. This thought of vision is a leader communication. Leader creates all vision in to success, when repetition moves in performance. Westley and Mintzberg (1989) give the future assume that visionary leadership style comes in a varying form leader to leader and different variety of packages. The style of the leader may vary with the context in which it takes root and the content f the leaders vision. The theo ries of visionary leadership based on three assumptions; variety, dynamism and context/content. These three assumptions underpin their representation assistance model. The purpose of the study The empirical work on the visionary leadership is very little in India. Notwithstanding this lake of research literature, this is gratifying to suggest that in India. This assignment shows the visionary leadership quality of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at Defence Research and Development Laboratory. Dr. Kalam presented his visionary leadership at DRDL by changing its demotivating and low -performing climate into energizing and high performing climate. Dr. Kalam used indigenous management techniques at DRDL. Vision of Dr. Kalam in organization change (implementation and outcome) In 1982 Dr. Kalam was appointed as a director of DRDL in Hyderabad. At that time DRDL was working on five staff project and sixteen build up projects. DRDL was working on many technologies oriented activities to get lead time for future project. At time of joining Dr. Kalam saw the different problems in the DRDL and he starts working on that. The problems of DRDL were- The demotivating and old low performing climate was the big problem of the organization. The scientists of DRDL were frustrated with the devil missile project. They were thinking that ministry of defence cheated them and all senior officers using them for their profit. The Tactical core vehicle was also pending from long time. Dr. Kalam decided that or good work he has to built a healthy climate which include the confidence and trust. He used indigenous management theory to build up the high performance and high energize climate at DRDL. He provided clear direction and effective communication to the confused team so that every buddy has good understanding and its helped them to launch (IGMDP) Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. After some time the team performance reached on high level because of indigenous technique used by Dr. Kalam. Focus on Inside and outside communication system Dr. Kalam focuses on the effective communication which was not in the DRDL. Dr. Kalam got a chance to improve the communication between government and scientists when Admiral O.S. Dawson, the chief of naval staff visited the DRDL. Dr. Kalam takes this opportunity to make two way trusts through effective communication. Dr. Kalam shows the product plan and the battlefield capability of Tactical Core Vehicle. Dr. Kalam focuses its sea skimming role rather than as single core vehicle as present earlier. This information passed to every scientist in the DRDL in this own words Do not make anything which you cannot sell later and do no spend your life on making one thing only. Missile developed is a multi dimensional business if you remain in any one dimension for a long time, you will get suck. Dr. Kalam spends time in interacting with people and explains the future goal of DRDL. He tries to connect this goal to the people life in DRDL. During this time he came to now that scientist at DR DL had a high level of determination and an urge to go ahead. In earlier project they show that they have high level of motivation, based on this Dr. Kalam started the reviews at DRDL at various level to accomplish the precise specification. He also start inviting the professionals from outside laboratory (IITS, CSIR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) to contribute an useful knowledge. Clear direction to the team Dr. Kalam worked with ISRO and there he learned about visionary leadership from great visionarys prof. Vikram Sarabhai and Prof. Satish Dhawan. Dr. Kalam learned how make mission larger than life and how motivate people to achieve that. With these professors he learned that you should dream before your dream come true some people do hard work there goal of life and other people not able to move their feet because the confuse about what they want in life and how to achieve that. This was power for Dr. Kalam in DRDL because he knows the potential capability of scientist and he knows that they can fulfil the expectation of the Ministry of Defence. Dr. Kalam had a very professional team of scientist in the laboratory but he knows that there is a lake of leadership and guidance in the team. Dr. Kalam visualized that to increase the RD activities in the DRDL, technological and technical problems must be taken promptly. To achieve the goal he took the major decision, he made missile technology community of senior scientist where different issue can be discussed and debate as a collective process. The idea behind this community is the participation of all level of scientist and engineers to manage the laboratory activities. The organizational climate of DRDL was improved constantly. The new climate of DRDL helps in to the birth of Integrated Guided Missile Development programme (IGMDP). Launch of guided missile programme After improvement in the laboratory culture DRDL came with the Guided Missile Programme. This successful program happened because of Dr. Kalams vision for development of technology. Dr. Kalam always asserted himself that know where we are going. The great thing in the world is not so much in knowing where we stand and which direction we are going. Its help to accomplishing the technological competence as compare to Weston countries. At DRDL it was like driving force for the people. To complete the production of indigenous missiles, chairman formed the community. All people at DRDL welcome this proposal. Dr. Kalam made a presentation and question answer session at south block, New Delhi. Dr. Kalam presents the proposal and Dr. V.S. Arunachalam, who is scientific advisor of the defence minister, support him fully when doubts about the proposal. After this presentation defence minister asked Dr. Kalam to meet him in the evening. Mr. Venketaraman suggests that DRDL is not just making missile in phases, DRDL launch integrated guided missile development program. Dr. Kalam and Dr. Arunachalam together rework on the plans throughout the night. When plan was shown to the defence minister, he was visibly pleased. The new proposal was put up before the cabinet and it was approved with an amount of Rs. 388 crores. At the missile technology community, Dr. Kalam shows the government sanction letter, every buddy was motivated for the work. On 27, 1983 IGMPD was formally launched in the great event and every employee participated in the big success. Vision of Dr. Kalam to accomplish beyond the collective national capability Great visionary Dr. Kalam knew that government given them the sanction letter but this is only a 10 per cent of work done. In this operation the leader required who can put his heart and soul into this programme and carry hundreds of engineer and scientist with them. Dr. Kalam was thing beyond the collective national capability. He was convinced if he wants to achieve his goal; his team should work on basis of probability. For this goal he uses the indigenous approach of management technology. The other approach includes in this: capable project leader, pro-active follow-up, technology-oriented structure, collaborative efforts, motivation for outstanding performance, empowerment and spiritual guidance. Dr Kalam shows his power of leadership to finish this project with his team. Locating capable project leaders Dr. Kalam starts looking for capable leaders for five individual missile projects. He needs a leader who knows the clear goal and has a capability to perceive the goal. He needs a leader who can give energy all the time to his team working on various working centres. He discussed with engineers and the scientist on the different prospective because he need five project directors to train who will train twenty five future project directors and team leaders. He needs leaders who had the capability to grow the possibilities and were equipped with patience to explore all possible alternatives, who can put old principals of ideas to the new situations. He want leader to be flexible who share his power with others and work in teams, give fresh opinions, listening to wise counsel, respect intelligent people and delegate good jobs. He thought the leader should be capable in making good environment and resolve the conflicts. Overall leader should be capable to take failure in their stride and share both success and failure. Dr. Kalam creates a science council to provide an emotional outlet to the scientists. His thought at DRDL, that scientists were highly emotional persons. If they stumble its very difficult for them to pull together. Disappointment and setbacks were always problem for them. Dr. Kalam did not want any of them to face problem alone. He stopped making goals for them when they were at the low abb. The all issue of general importance were discussed by the council very openly. That time all scientists used to sit together and take common decision. In every three month all scientists including juniors, seniors, veterans and freshers could sit together and let off steam. Changing the dynamics of DRDL by empowering scientist The 250 young engineers and scientist change the dynamic of DRDL because of leadership of Dr. Kalam. The outstanding performance contributing ingredients of this leadership which include: believing, positive thinking, visualising and goal setting. The team leader enthused the young engineers and scientist about this goal. In the review meeting, Dr. Kalam says that the young scientist shows the very good team work and we got help to visualizing whole system. He said that climate of confidence and trust gradually developed. The young scientists start questioning to the senior associate on different issues. This helps them to become persons of power. Dr. Kalam kept the work environment on the higher level. He shows that he has the experience of the old science which mixed with his skills. The dependence between the experience and the young scientist made a very productive environment in the DRDL. At the time of joining DRDL, Dr. Kalam knew that the motivating people to get outstanding results were a challenging task. The behaviour of the individual is based on the environment of the work place. Most people possessed strong inner drive of growth, self-actualization and competence. However, the biggest problem had been the work environment at DRDL. Dr Kalam visualized the leader can accomplish his task with outstanding performance if he get the proper job design and organizational structure, and by appreciating and recognizing excellent work. According to Dr. Kalam he got the supportive environment while launching IGMDP. At that time the project was in design phase. The first reorganization increases the level of DRDL at least 40 to 50 per cent. In the second reorganization process, he used motivational inventory available at that time. According to Dr. Kalam there are three ingredients of motivational inventory of leadership: understand the people need which they satisfy in their jobs; influencing the peoples behaviour by using the power of positive reinforcement; and design the job based motivation and understand its impact. The second reorganization was very complex exercise managed effectively by Dr. Kalam. The young scientist performed outstanding work such as a world class strap down internal guidance system. It was an effective demonstration of the renewal factor. Dr. Kalam given enthusiasm to the young mind and he got the outstanding performance. Accomplishment at DRDL On September 16, 1985 the first missile program took place. The test was successful. The success of the missile program at DRDL shows to all engineer and scientist that it happened because of the visionary leadership of Dr. Kalam. This was followed by the successful test by the pilotless targeted aircraft. On February 25, 1988 the DRDL launched the Prithvi missile. DRDL create an epoch making event in the history of rocketing in the country. By launching Prithvi missile DRDL give the basic model of all the future guided missile in the country. On May 22, 1989 DRDL give the perfect launched of Agni. After that DRDL became the finest laboratory for the world. This was the greatest moment for DRDL as well as for Dr. Kalam. The national defence became stronger after Agni launched. Overall success of DRDL is belonging to Dr. Kalam. The nation celebrated the success of its missile program very first on Republic day 1990. Dr. Kalam was awarded by Padma Shree. He retired from DRDL on 15 October 1991. DRDL got lots of success in his leadership and many successful changes when he was director. Still DRDL working on the same direction which Dr. Kalam shown to the company. Conclusion Dr. Kalam worked as a director of DRDL and he showed his brilliant visionary leadership at the company. He worked hard and tried to give his best for the DRDL. Dr. Kalam showed three different characteristics of his leadership style. He has very clear far reaching and encompassing vision. This vision embraced goals and ideas which remained constant no matter how long it took to actualize him despite difficulties which he encountered. Dr. Kalam never allowed any of the means of actions on the way to invalidate this vision and its constituent values. The second characteristic is that DR. Kalam was skilful in creating and designing appropriate organizational culture which helped him to achieve his ideas and vision. The design of such organizational culture was the most lasting contribution of Dr. Kalam. These cultures embodied enduring values, beliefs and vision which were shared by the organization members even subsequently. The third characteristic is that Dr. Kalam attracted others t o follow him in seeking attainment of the vision. Dr. Kalam is a charismatic person because he was able to instil in others beliefs, values and ideas of his vision so as to empower them to move beyond the expectations of Dr. Kalam and their own. Dr. Kalam demonstrate a high level of moral capacity and intellectual, over the long period of time, to maintain coherency between foals, short term action and long range if ideas. The visionary leadership style followed by Dr. Kalam and he shows how vision for exceptional results can be turned in to reality by sharing with the people and for outperform we have to inspire them. The new age leaders need to understand that outstanding performance can be accomplish by having utmost focus on organizational climate, organizational structure, quality of leadership, job deign effective communication, proactive follow up, empowerment, collaboration, internal motivation, team work and spirituality. Plan for future development of my own leadership After analysing of some practical and theoretical aspects of leadership styles I constructed a list of list of desired visionary leadership style, which should be developed be me, to go higher level of leadership capability. To become the leader of 21st century I must see the leaders work, especially those engaged in the task of development which involving management of technology globally. The performance of the organization depends on its climate. I must diagnose this problem and find a de motivating and low performing climate in the organization and I must make concerted effort gradually to transform it into a high performance and energizing climate. I should use effective communication which include inside and outside interaction. I must share my vision with the people and discuss the clear goal of organization. As a leader I must work in a team and provide the proper direction toward people have to move. Participation in management I can use to involve people in the affairs of the organization. As a leader to accomplish outstanding performance I must assess the existing structure of my organization. I should see the source of full utilization of human resource and effective way to achieve the goals. I must evolve a suitable structure with a comprehensive discussion with the people. To become a good leader I should grow with the possibilities, I should share my power with the people and work in a team, grow my capability to resolve the conflicts and carry people with me and channelize their energy towards the goal. I must respect people and delegate work of worthy of their talents to them. As leader I must make arrangement in the organization to provide emotional outlet to the people and help them to release their day to day disappointment and setbacks so that people can express their view points freely and the issue of general importance. I should use pro active follow up activity for repaid growth. If required I must develop collaboration between the organizational units and outside organizations. To improve the future organizational climate of my company and to get outstanding performance I must focus on the goal setting, visualizing, believing and positive thinking. I can do this by empower young people. As leader I have to understand that there exists an internal motivation with in individuals which can be taken to the attainment of outstanding performance. This can be done by job designs to satisfy higher order needs of people. I need to use my super power to accomplish my outstanding performance like Dr. Kalam. So to become a good leader I must consider all theories of leadership and the great leader how create new ways to make people follow them.

Rocky Horror Picture Show :: essays research papers

It was a cool, crisp November evening, while five teenagers were hustling and bustling around my house excitedly getting ready for their very first showing of the live version of their all time favorite movie. They knew it would be the best night of their lives. The night of my 15th birthday party, my friends and I all piled into my parents car around 11:00 PM and headed off down the road to the Heights Theater. The movie we are about to see is an all time classic. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the best cult film of all time. The movie has all the three basic elements it should have. It has funny audience participation, wonderful acting, and a great story line. Before the beginning of the movie, cast members will wander around the theater, and yell out various lines from the movie. When the movie curtain starts to roll its way up, you see a bright pair of red lips singing. When the lips appear, people will start to yell out their favorite audience participation lines. One of my favorite spots in the movie to shout out lines would have to be in the very beginning when the lips on screen are singing the song "Science Fiction, Double Feature." The song is full of participation lines and props that people can bring to the theater with them. There is one line that I particularly like that comes from this song and it goes a little something like this; "and from a deadly place it came from (where?) outer space! (Thank you!)." Another example of audience participation/prop use would be when one of the characters, Dr. Scott, goes flying through the walls of the laboratory in his wheelchair. As he is rolling down the ramp fro m where he flew through, another character, Brad, yells out "Great SCOTT" and that’s when everyone takes the toilet paper they have brought with them and throws it all over the place. Once all the toilet paper has been collected by the cast leader, they pick out one person from the audience and DOUSE them with toilet paper and it’s the funniest sight one will ever see! Even though there is a great amount of audience participation, one really has to turn your attention to the actors in the movie. It takes a special kind of person to really understand the movie they are in.

Roles and responsibilities of leaders

Management and leadership go hand in hand for effective running of activities and processes within the organization. As brilliantly put by many authors, success can never be achieved in any organization without the engagement of a good leader who is able to restructure, solve problems and guide other employees within their organizations. Previous it has been strongly suggested that leadership and management approaches within an organization affect the way service provision is delivered and eventually the performance and success within the organization. Excellency in leadership always starts with the leader and the way he treats those under his management, communication is the most crucial and delegation of power to the rest of the members of the organization, responsibilities should be entrusted to the rest of the staff in the organization so that they can always be part of the solution to matters pertaining the organization. (Newstrom, 1997) The term leadership entails the motivation of people or a team in order to achieve certain organizational goals and objectives. One of the main roles for leaders is to influence the people they lead through incentives, promotions, discipline, dynamics and teamwork with the aim of attaining and maintaining a healthy organizational culture.   Leaders have the responsibility of being participative, supportive, directive and more importantly achievement adjusted with a view to defining certain tasks for their followers (Newstrom, 1997). Many organizations require that their leaders design work agenda for their followers and get concerned with their aspirations, feelings, achievements, problems and outside environment in order to centre all interests to the organization. For a perfectly healthy organization, the leader has to be the servant of the workers in the sense that, he always listens to the workers and do as they want the work done because usually they are the people who are at the ground and they tend to understand the organization better than the leader, so its up to the leader to see that he communicates perfectly with his staff in matters pertaining enhancement of the organization.  Ã‚   (Conger and Pearce, 2003) In every organization, leadership is crucial for maintaining a healthy organizational culture within itself. The main role that a leader is entitled to undertake is to plan, control and direct other individuals to perform specific tasks within the organization. Organizational culture usually entail the –lets work together- spirit whereby the organization behaves like a ‘society’ where there   are values, norms and rules which   all individuals adhere to. Since these are people who work together under the guidance of their leaders, certain beliefs are entrenched in their lives which give birth to encouragement and enthusiasm thus a healthy organizational culture. Leaders therefore utilize a healthy organizational culture to balance work life chores in order to achieve the best form the employees. (Conger and Pearce, 2003) The most important and powerful resources within any organization are the leaders. These are the people who are responsible for influencing the way the organizational culture and climate is modeled. They either create good or bad working environments and thus they are able to determine the development agenda for the organization (Newstrom, 1997). Good management culture starts with a good understanding of effective communication i.e. politeness and patience; Previous research has indicated that employees tend to work better when cherished up by leaders who are up to the task. However, due to diversity, lack of training, lack of motivation, diversification among today’s leaders and lack of definite systems to govern leadership today, there has been slow improvement and many organizations have been failed by their leaders. Reference Conger, J.A., and Pearce, C.L. (2003): Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Newstrom, W. (1997): Organizational Behavior; Human Behavior at Work; New York: McGraw-Hill