How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies Essay Example

How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies Paper Macbeth is a play, which was written by William Shakespeare between the reigns of Elizabeth 1 and James 1 in 1606. William Shakespeare had written many plays and poems during his era. Macbeth is one of the most popular amongst his works and is now recognised as a classic. Macbeth is a character in the play that is overcome by evil desires on his way to becoming king. The book explains what happens to Macbeth and how evil causes him to commit such actions, and how he fights to keep his throne as king. The Lord of the Flies is a novel, which is also a classic that had been written by William Golding. It is based during the Second World War, when a group of young boys are fleeing England to safety, but on their way, their plane crashes down onto a deserted island. Miraculously all the Children survive but all the adults had died. The book explores how these children no older than thirteen or fourteen live on the island until rescue arrives. Evil is represented in the novel by the fight for leadership between two rivals, Jack and Ralph, and how the other children live with this. We will write a custom essay sample on How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Evil Is Represented In Macbeth and Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both the play and the novel have evil themes within them, which is reacted to by the characters. I will be comparing the ways evil is represented in Macbeth and The Lord of the Flies as well as exploring the different attitudes of the characters. At the start of Macbeth, evil is first introduced with three witches discussing when they shall meet again with Macbeth. An impression of the images of witches is long hair, long cloaks, large hats and all these items must be in black. In The Lord of the Flies, the boys gather together after Piggy and Ralph find a conch and blow it. After these boys gather together they spot another group of boys heading towards them and are described: : but each boy wore a square black cap with a silver badge in it. Their bodies from throat to ankle, were hidden by black cloaks which bore a long silver cross on the left breast and each neck was finished off with a hambone frill. (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 1- pg26) These boys are a choir and are led by Jack who is the head of the choir. The way they are dressed is like the image a person would get of witches. The cloaks that they were wearing had a silver cross on, and as this war was during the time of Adolph Hitler, the person who had many, many Jews killed, it is a symbol of his Nazi group. Just like when the witches create an image of evil, above are two images in which evil represented within Jacks group. Macbeth had arrived back from battle after defeating the Norwegians and taking the Thane of Cawdor prisoner. King Duncan is told of this and orders for the Thane of Cawdor to be killed and the title to be transferred to Macbeth. Later on, Macbeth and Banquo have a run in with the witches. He is told that he will become Thane of Cawdor and then king, and that Banquos children will be kings. Rosse tells Macbeth that he has been made Thane of Cawdor, but later he hears King Duncan has made his son Malcolm as the next king. A part of what the witches had told him has become true but he becoming king hasnt. From this moment on Macbeth starts to think evil due to hearing this: Let not light see my black and deep desires; The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be, Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. (Macbeth- Act 1 Scene 4- Lines 51-53) Macbeth is contemplating whether he should commit murder in order to get his way, which reflects his arrogance. Similarly in The Lord of the Flies, Jack starts to show arrogance from the opening of the novel. The boys decide a chief need to be appointed, but Jack with simple arrogance speaks out: I ought to be chief, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp. (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 1- pg29) Jack just like Macbeth wants to appoint themselves as leaders, due to their arrogance, which they dont realise, but even though they are arrogant, the quotes reveal that they both have ambition. The only difference is between Jack and Macbeth that can be spotted so far is that Macbeth is willing to commit evil in order to fulfil his ambition, but in Jacks case it cant be seen how he wants to achieve his ambition. Later on in the play, Macbeth kills Duncan and frames the guards with the help of Lady Macbeth. Duncans sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee Scotland fearing their safety. The murder that had taken place had been taken late at night and that it was so horrid that even the nature got scared: Macbeth: I have done the deed (i.e. the murder). Didst though not hear a noise? Lady Macbeth: I heard the owl scream, and the crickets cry. Did not you speak? (Macbeth- Act 2 Scene 2- Lines 14-15) Even though the murder took place two scenes later, it was still late night. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth had planned to perform the wicked act at night. As murder is already evil, the atmosphere of it being late and gloomy had added to the atmosphere. This evil can be seen also in The Lord of the Flies when Simon faces his death. Simon is returning after seeing The Lord of the Flies and is shouting to the boys that there is no beast. It is late and dark, the boys are dancing and feasting, they hear some noises, they think it is the beast and viciously attack it only to find out that it was Simon. Going to be a storm, said Ralph. The dark sky was shattered by a blue white scar. (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 9- pg187-188) The similarities can be seen in how evil is represented in the novel and the play. William Shakespeare and William Golding both have used the same ways to represent the evil and similar ways to emphasise it through the atmosphere and nature. Another resemblance that is seen in both texts is the theme of peace. In Macbeth, whilst Duncan was king and ruled there were no problems, no inappropriate murders, and everyone lived in peace and harmony. As soon as Duncan is killed Macbeth takes over and problems arise. Macbeth wants to keep his position but he gets information from the witches, who lure him into committing evil acts in order to keep his status. Macbeth orders for many killings to take place. At the start of the play when Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches, they said Banquos children will be king, which had got Macbeth thinking. Macbeth decides that Banquo and his son must be killed, so he persuades the murders to attack Banquo and his son, Fleance. The murders kill Banquo but his son escapes. Macbeth has been Possessed with evil at this present time. There was also peace when Ralph was in charge of the boys at the start of the novel. This peace was broken when Jack got obsessed with his killing of pigs, and went off to make his own group. The rules were broken for the first time and this was when the peace and unity were broken: Jack! Jack! The rules! shouted Ralph, youre breaking the rules! Who cares? (The Lord of the Flies- chapter 5- pg114) We can see that in Macbeth the one of the reasons why Macbeth is lured into committing these evil acts is because the witches had given the initiative to commit these acts. For instance when Macbeth was told that he has been made Thane of Cawdor: Rosse: And, for an earnest of a great honour, He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor (Macbeth- Act 1 Scene 3- lines 104-105) He would have been honoured to have that position, but because the witches told him early that he would be Thane of Cawdor as well as King, he thought the witches must have been telling the truth so he had it in his head that he should be King. This caused him to lead to the planning of the murder of Duncan. Likewise in The Lord of the Flies Jack wouldnt have been taunting the children with the idea of killing and hunting if it werent for the beast. The idea of the beast gave him the power and back-up for hunting and becoming obsessed with killing. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth was the Person also to give Macbeth the initiative to kill Duncan. She would tell Macbeth that Duncan will not live to see the next day: Lady Macbeth: O! never Shall sun that morrow see! (Macbeth- Act 1 Scene 5- Line 60) Lady Macbeth is referring about Duncan in this sentence. She is telling Macbeth that Duncan will not be able to live to see the light tomorrow as he will kill him. This is a push factor for Macbeth upon which he should murder Duncan, as he has his wife whom will support him after the act takes place. Correspondingly in The Lord of the Flies, Roger is the exact representation of Lady Macbeth as he had joint Jacks tribe when they split up. This had given a confidence boost towards Jack as he knew he had people behind him to help him along the way. Jack is obsessed just like Macbeth with murder. It is as if it is a hobby for them. In Macbeth, Banquo, Malcolm, Macduff and many others have seen what Macbeth has become. They see that he committed many murders and was responsible for the murder of Duncan. They all fight back in the end and manage to kill Macbeth with their various armies. The same is in The Lord of the Flies, Piggy, Ralph and Simon realise that Jack and his tribe have become savages and have lost control of humanity. This can be seen when Jack and his tribe start to hunt and dont care about rescue. Their obsession has led them to loss of self-control as they end up hunting Ralph wanting to kill him. To conclude, William Shakespeare and William Golding both have managed to convey evil themes directly through evil acts such as murder as well as indirectly through the atmosphere and nature. They have expressed how the other characters react to the acts taking place and what they do to try and resolve it. I feel as if the authors have done an excellent job in conveying the evil to the reader and representing how people are convinced to commit such acts. The similarities can be seen between Jack and Macbeth in the texts. They have much in common and that is in an evil concept. They both enjoy killing and have an obsession with it, causing them to lose control of what happens around them. The other characters like Piggy, Ralph, Malcolm, Macduff have realised what Macbeth and Jack had become. They realised that they would have to act if they wanted to change things around. They did this by speaking out aloud and through physical battle. The authors have used the characters to symbolise the current situations faced by people in the present world. The Lord of the Flies along with Macbeth informs us that the human nature cannot be seen with the naked eye. It only reveals itself when it comes across a situation in, which it cannot hold itself any further. I believe that these texts illustrate that if there is something that needs to be changed then people should strive out and try to make a change, just like Macduff and Ralph did.

A Short Quiz About Partial Quotations

A Short Quiz About Partial Quotations A Short Quiz About Partial Quotations A Short Quiz About Partial Quotations By Mark Nichol Formatting quotations can be tricky, especially when the words between the quotation marks do not constitute a complete sentence. How would you revise these clumsily formatted partial quotations? For each example, compare your corrections to mine in the paragraphs following each one. 1. â€Å"These days, says Smith, ‘The market does the valuation work for you.’† To clarify the context, the writer has provided the quotation with an introductory phrase the person quoted did not actually utter; therefore, it is not inserted within the quotation marks. And because although â€Å"The market does the valuation work for you† is a full sentence the potential quotation is â€Å"These days, the market does the valuation work for you,† the original quote is treated as a partial quotation and therefore does not begin with an initial-capped word: â€Å"These days, says Smith, ‘the market does the valuation work for you.’† Also, the attribution tag (â€Å"says Smith†) could be relocated to follow the quotation, but the sentence’s rhythm is better as is. 2. â€Å"But he conceded that, ‘with the world like it is, the situation looks a little different now.’† If you do choose to make a partial quote immediately follow a contextual paraphrase, note that unlike as in the case of a simple attribution tag, when the paraphrased part of the sentence and the quotation portion are linked by that, they are not separated by a comma: â€Å"But he conceded that ‘with the world like it is, the situation looks a little different now.’† However, if you convert the initial phrase to an attribution tag, do insert a comma after it: â€Å"But, he conceded, ‘with the world like it is, the situation looks a little different now.’† 3. â€Å"If you own a business ‘dependent on an abundant, reliable water source,’ he said, you probably aren’t thinking about building a plant in Las Vegas.† In journalistic writing, quoted material gives the article a sense of accessibility you feel like you are there listening to the source and of veracity. But some people are more quotable than others, and some reporters are better at recording their source’s utterances better than others. Often, in the rush to capture a speaker’s comments, the reporter manages just a phrase here and there and presents them as partial quotes. Sometimes that works, and sometimes it doesn’t. Here, as is frequently true, the exact words are inconsequential because the statement is mundane; there’s no personality or pithiness in the prose. In that case, it’s usually better just to treat the information as a paraphrase a rewording of the quotation even if it includes words or phrases (or the entire sentence fragment) actually uttered by the source: â€Å"If you own a business dependent on an abundant, reliable water source, he said, you probably aren’t thinking about building a plant in Las Vegas.† 4. â€Å"Smith kept his cool, but he was clearly upset that the plan was meant to ‘discredit the committee’s work and undermine its conclusions before those conclusions are even reached.’† This partial quotation could be converted to a paraphrase, but because the issue is sensitive and the speaker is critical in his choice of words, most reporters would retain the markers indicating that these are the source’s exact words. However, although it is strongly implicit in this sentence that Roberts is the source of the partial quotation, that’s not good enough. Even if a contextual phrase preceding a partial quotation refers to the speaker, insert an attribution tag: â€Å"Smith kept his cool, but he was clearly upset that the plan was meant to, as he put it, ‘discredit the committee’s work and undermine its conclusions before those conclusions are even reached.’† 5. â€Å"He championed an $11 billion water bond ensuring ‘a reliable water supply for future generations, as well as restoring ecologically sensitive areas.’† This quotation is less stable than the previous one because it’s even less clear here that the person identified as the subject uttered the partial quotation. Make the connection clear: â€Å"He championed an $11 billion water bond ensuring, he said, ‘a reliable water supply for future generations, as well as restoring ecologically sensitive areas.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?How to Punctuate with â€Å"However†20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

A History of the Catholic Church on the Death Penalty Research Paper

A History of the Catholic Church on the Death Penalty - Research Paper Example Despite preaching immense love and respect for humanity, Catholicism exhibited extreme views on the death penalty. Going back to the earliest times, Christianity adhered to the concept of vengeance instead of forgiveness. â€Å"An eye for an eye, life for life, limb for limb† had been the doctrine of olden times Christianity. This was the doctrine of the churches and all the popes had been following it until The Church published its approved catechism in 1992 for the first time in over four centuries. Pope John Paul II described death penalty in these words: "the right and duty of the legitimate public authority to punish malefactors by means of penalties commensurate with the gravity of the crime, not excluding, in cases of extreme gravity, the death penalty." â€Å"The 1992 text then asserts that "the primary effect of punishment is to redress the disorder caused by the offense." Finally, it states, "If bloodless means are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons, public authority should limit itself to such means because they better correspond to the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person." The second publication came in Latin in 1997 and to its readers’ surprise, the second version of catechism contained a significant change in the definition of the death penalty. But even before that Pope John Paul II issued a letter titled â€Å"On Human Life† (Evangelium Vitae, 1995). The letter emphasized the importance of the human life and reverence. It also arose many moral issues related to the death penalty. Although Pope John Paul had been favoring the death penalty as per the Capital Laws in the past this new shift surprised the Church’s followers to a great extent. Finally in the 1997 version death penalty was acceptable only in the extreme case of protecting one from the aggressor.  

Canadian government launched an active electronic immigration Essay

Canadian government launched an active electronic immigration recruitment system called Express Entry - Essay Example This is particularly in view of the fact that the local labor market needs need to be met under the various programs that guide the immigration recruitment system. The Canadian Express Entry system works by ranking potential immigrants and then selecting the top ranked individuals to apply for a visa. The first step is for the potential immigrants eligible for any of the economic immigration systems to apply. After application the potential immigrants are ranked based on values such as age, education level, workplace experience, language, marital status, and even the core human capital factors that can be identifiable from the individual. These factors account for a maximum of around 500 points. Additionally, there are an extra 100 points for the ease by which the potential immigrant can transfer the skills. Finally, the system allocates around 600 points for any pre-existing employment offer from a Canadian organization or even an appointment from a Canadian institution. Overall, this means that a candidate can get a maximum of about 1200 points, and the system then invites the highest ranking individuals to apply for permanent residency. From the above, it can be noted that a major advantage of this system is that it measures eligibility on account of a candidate’s skills and experience. This is highly advantageous as it ensures that the immigrants can easily fit into the corporate system and eventually improve the economy through their input (Simpson et al. 2015, pp. 141). Moreover, there is no cap on the number of candidates to be admitted since it bases the selection on merit. This results in only the best being allowed through the system. On the other hand, a major disadvantage is that the system is somewhat discriminatory in nature, only allowing the highest ranking individuals the ability to apply (Simpson et al. 2015, pp. 199). While the previous system was based on a first come first processed basis, the express entry system treats each

What is steven pinker's response to media critics who are concerned Essay

What is steven pinker's response to media critics who are concerned about the harmful effects of consuming electronic media do you agree with his argument why or why not - Essay Example Currently, since many have accused new media for lowering intelligence, the level of since should then be reducing. On the contrary, the quality of science has been increasing because scientists are making use of new media. Similarly, he argues that other activities related t the human mind such as philosophy and cultural criticisms continue to flourish. Pinker further responds to the critics of new media by pointing out that experience does not necessarily shape the brain because the brain itself is not â€Å"a blob of clay.1† The brain does not necessarily copy the qualities of whatever it consumes, and therefore the effects of new media will not be as huge as implied by many. Instead of bemoaning technology, Pinker suggests that people should look for ways of exercising self control when using these new media. This will help encourage intellectual growth. Having read the article by Pinker, I agree with his arguments relating to the new media technologies. First, new media technologies have helped increase intellectual depth by allowing for multiple approaches to teaching and learning. This exposes individuals to various forms of information from a variety of sources, which makes people smart. As a student, I have benefited from these new technologies and this has greatly enhanced my knowledge in various fields. For instance, through these technologies, I am able to supplement class material with online materials obtained through search engines such as Google. As noted by Pinker, these technologies help us search and retrieve information online using tools such as social media and e-books. As knowledge continues to increase, there is the need to have tools that help in the effective retrieval, processing and storing of such information. Pinker rightfully argues that our brain power does not increase with increasing knowledge, and ther efore such tools come in handy. By sitting behind a computer for instance, one is able to obtain vast volumes of information

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the most precious gift a mother can give her infant. When there is illness or malnutrition, it may be a lifesaving gift; when there is poverty, it may be the only gift. Ruth Lawrence, M.D. 1.1 Background of research Exclusive breastfeeding starts from a new born to the age of six months. It is an ideal and incomparable to any infant formulas created for them recently. As it has been known that breastfeed contains the perfect food for a newborn which has immunization to diseases, easy to digest and at the perfect temperature to be fed to infants. Breast milk is the natural first food for babies which provides all the energy and nutrient that the infant needs for the first months of life. The first breastfeed milk is known as the colostrums which can only be found in breast milk that contains all best nutrients for the new born babies. Colostrums contain antibodies that protect the baby from bacteria and viruses in the early age. It helps to increase the babys intelligence and growth and strengthen the close bond between mother and the baby ( Gartner et al. 1997). It strongly proven that breastfeed is the best food for a baby that no other food has the same nutrients values. Pregnant mothers should have the knowledge and awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding to newborn infants. This study is to find out how much the awareness and knowledge of 30 pregnant women in the antenatal and postnatal wards through questionnaires. They should be aware of the benefits of breast milk to infants and to their own health. Many women make infant feeding decisions before delivery and before any contact with healthcare professionals. Although health promotions campaigns are influential in educating women about breastfeeding, they often do not dissuade women from formula feeding once the decisions has been made. Antenatal preparations of pregnant women for breastfeeding rises awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, empower them with practical knowledge and skill in breastfeeding techniques, and prepare them for possible difficulties. Though many campaigns and seminars were done nationally to educate the public, yet the rate of exclusive breastfeeding is still to the unsatisfactory level. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Malaysia has been decreased from 92% ( in 1950s) to 78% (in 1970s) but there was a slight of increment in the early year of 1975( Da Vanzo, 1991) although for only less than 10%. Report done by the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA, 2005) , showed that millions of babies fell sick every year as they were not breastfeed. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) estimated that more than 1.5 million babies died yearly may be avoided if the babies were given exclusive breastfeed, from birth to six months and continuously until the age of two years old. Malaysia has been doing a lot of promotions and activities lately to give the knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding through activities such as World breastfeed week and Baby friendly Hospital. 1.1 Problem of statement Breast feeding have multiple benefit to the mother and child but there are still postnatal mother that are not confident and not interest to breast feed their baby. This problem might be due to lack of knowledge on information sources regarding breastfeeding. This research is done to elevate the knowledge between antenatal and postnatal mothers in this hospital. Breastfeeding offers irrefutable and long-lasting health benefits for both mother and baby, which are supported by a comprehensive scientific research. Many research and evidence base has been conducted and proven that the benefits of breastfeeding are undeniable. Ministry of Health has set and implements various strategy in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. One of the strategy is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative on 1993.The aim is neither than to develop an environment that support mother to breastfeed their baby, create a policy that control exclusive breastfeeding. On Mac 1998, Malaysia had been announced as the 3rd country in the world which all the government hospital has been given the Baby Friendly Hospital status. Over time, the percentages of births to subgroups with higher rates of breastfeedingparticularly Malays and more highly educated womenhave increased. However, there is also evidence of changes in rates of breastfeeding within these subgroups. Many Malaysian infants have a total duration of breastfeeding (including with supplementation) considerably shorter than WHO recommended six months of exclusive breastfeeding. The national breastfeeding policy has been revised in 2006, according to WHO all mothers are encouraged to breastfeed their babies exclusively from birth until 6 months of age and thereafter to continue until their child is 2 years old. Complementary foods should introduce when the baby is 6 month old. 1.2 Hypothesis The postnatal mothers have a higher level of exclusive breastfeeding knowledge compared to the antenatal mothers. 1.3 Significance Of Study The benefits of breast milk is undeniable, manufacturer are trying to create a milk that are at least having similar benefits and nutritional value as the breast milk, yet no strong research study has been conducted to prove it. Not all the properties of breast milk are understood, but its nutrient content is relatively stable. Breast milk is made from the nutrients in the mothers bloodstream and bodily stores. Some studies estimate that a woman who breastfeeds her infant exclusively uses 400 600 extra calories a day in producing milk. The composition of breast milk depends on how long the baby nurses. Research shows that the milk and energy content of breast milk actually decreases after the first year. Breast milk adapts to a toddlers developing system, providing exactly the right amount of nutrition at exactly the right time. In fact, research shows that between the ages of 12 and 24 months, 448 milliliters of a mothers milk provide these percentages of the following minimum daily requirements: Energy 29% Folate 76% Protein 43% Vitamin B12 94% Calcium 36% Vitamin C 60%10 Vitamin A 75% . 1.4 Research Objective 1.4.1 General Objective The aim of this study is to identify all antenatal and postnatal mothers have the confidence and knowledge to exclusive breastfeeding. 1.4.2 Specific Objectives 1.3.2.1 To examine the knowledge of antenatal and postnatal mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding 1.3.2.2 To educate antenatal and postnatal mothers with exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and understandings. 1.5 Significant of Project 1.5.1 The importance of this study is to find out the difference knowledge level between antenatal and postnatal mothers on exclusive breastfeeding. 1.5.2 This study needs to assess the knowledge level of the antenatal and postnatal mothers after informations, campaign and educations given by health care staff and to show the teaching techniques by them are effective. 1.5.3. The is to esure that it will increase the knowledge and improvements to induviduals involvements in exclusive breastfeeding 1.6 Scope of Project 1.6.1 The study sample is limited to antenatal mothers who was come for screening in labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward. 1.6.2 Antenatal mother who was not delivered baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 1.7 Definition 1.7.1 Assessment Assessment is a process that follows a continuous cycle of improvement based upon measurable goals, involving data collection, organization and interpretation leading to planning and integration. 1.7.2 Knowledge Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning. Knowledge is an appreciation of the possession of interconnected details. 1.7.3 Exclusive breastfeeding Exclusive breastfeeding defined as no food or liquid other than breast milk , not even water, is given to the infant from birth until six months of age. 1.7.4 Antenatal mother Occurring or present before birth; during pregnancy 1.7.5 Postnatal mother post meaning after and natalis meaning of birth- is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are acknowledged widely, opinions and recommendations are divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. We systematically reviewed available evidence concerning the effects on child health, growth, and development and on maternal health of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months vs. exclusive breastfeeding for 3-4 months followed by mixed breastfeeding (introduction of complementary liquid or solid foods with continued breastfeeding) to 6 months. Two independent literature searches were conducted, together comprising the following databases: MEDLINE (as of 1966), Index Medicus (prior to 1966), CINAHL, HealthSTAR, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, EMBASE-Medicine, EMBASE-Psychology, Econlit, Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, African Index Medicus, Lilacs (Latin American and Carribean literature), EBM Reviews-Best Evidence, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register quoted by Kramer MS , Kakumar R.( Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) Mothers often are uninformed about the health benefits of any amount of breastfeeding, their ability to continue breastfeeding while employed, and the convenience and cost differential of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding. Although there is a tendency in the literature to stress the time-intensive nature of breastfeeding, in fact it may require less time and attention than bottle-feeding (Barber-Madden, 1990). First, the promotion of breastfeeding without practical help and knowledge which led to many frustrated, unsuccessful breastfeeding attempts with subsequent backlash. Second, a much shorter hospital stay which does not provide adequate time for mothers milk to come in or for appropriate education and support. In Australia in 1993, a country which is known for its support of breastfeeding, the average hospital stay for vaginal delivery was still 5 to 7 days, and for C-section, 7 to 10 days. Australia also has the foresight to send home health visitors once the mother is discharged to offer further assistance and support. Third, the continued increase of women in the workplace, many times by necessity and not by choice, has influenced the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. A non supportive work environment makes breastfeeding difficult at best. Finally, the decline of breastfeeding has been assisted by the ambivalence of some health care professionals. This ambivalence is based on the lack of familiarity with current breastfeeding research, reliance on formula company nutritional information, and the very well meaning issue of not wanting to push breastfeeding because it might make the Mom who chooses artificial feeding feel guilty. Despite these initiatives, only 14.5 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below six months in 2006, . In addition, only 19.3 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below four months. Jaafar,2008 Compared with the findings of the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2 (1996), there was a significant decline of 9.7 % in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below four months and a concurrent rise in the prevalence of babies who were predominantly breastfed but given additional water. Analysis of the breastfeeding pattern showed generally that exclusive breastfeeding rates were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after the age of two to three months .It was also found after the age of two months, more than half of the breastfed babies were supplemented with infant formula and given other foods like commercial baby foods or home-cooked baby food while 20 percent of breastfed infants were supplemented with plain water.Few factors that contribute to early discontinuation of breastfeeding as follow : 2.1 Cultural Beliefs And Myths Of Breast Feeding The cultural beliefs, myths and ignorance have to be blame for the countrys poor breastfeeding performance. The myths that breastfed babies need water in addition to breast milk are wide spread in the country. Lack of knowledge and skill of mothers on when to start complementary food and how to maintain breastfeeding are other prohibitive factors, Complementary food, including water, should ONLY be introduced after the age of six months 2.2 Lacks Of Benefit And Facility Other factors according to Jaafar ( 2008 ) are the lack of benefits and facilities to promote and facilitate breastfeeding practices amongst women who also make up some half of the countrys working population. These include the absence of longer maternity leave, the lack of flexible working hours and missing childcare centers at work places. Breastfeeding patterns in Malaysia suggest that inadequate maternity leave may in fact be denying babies their right to mothers milk, and one of the reasons why only 1 in 7 infants were exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life in 2006. (Nadchatram ( 2008 ) According to Ministry of Health analysis of national breastfeeding data, exclusive breastfeeding rates in the country were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after two or three months, roughly the period when maternity leave ends and working mothers return to paid employment.   In Malaysia, women are entitled to 8 weeks (60 days) paid maternity leave, 6 weeks short of the recommended 14 weeks by the International Labour Organisations Maternity Protection Convention 2000 (No. 183). Malaysia is not a signatory of the Convention. 2.4 Not Enough Milk Hussain (2003) has revealed that other factor for early discontinuation of exclusive breast feeding is not enough milk .In his study,54% of the sample express that this is one of the reason. The reason for not having enough milk might be highly influenced by the mothers emotional and psychological well-being. Low levels of stress, healthy nutrition, plenty of fluid intake, emotional support and nipple stimulation through babys sucking are all important contributors to breastfeeding success. However, living circumstances often dont allow perfect breastfeeding conditions: another child in the family, the death of a loved one, money worries etc. all add to an increase in stress levels. Other factors such as breast surgery can contribute to low amounts of breast milk. It has also been found that more women who gave birth by caesarean section Encountered breastfeeding problems, this may have various reasons such as the initial separation between mother and baby or the physical pain as a result of the surgery which ultimately affects the mothers ability to enjoy the breastfeeding experience. Chen ( 2006 ),conclude in his research that breastfeeding-friendly policies can significantly affect breastfeeding behaviors. However, an unfavorable working environment, especially for fab workers, can make it difficult to implement breastfeeding measures. With health professionals emphasizing that the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, and as only females can perform lactation, it is vital that womens work productive role and family reproductive role be respected and accommodated by society. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. The length of maternity leave is positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding The International Labour Organization (ILO) recommends a period of maternity leave of not less than 14 week. However, the typical maternity leave in many Asian and Middle Eastern countries falls below these levels, only offering less than 12 weeks paid leave. In Taiwan, most companies provide only eight weeks of maternity leave. A national survey in 2005 showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Taiwan at one month postpartum was only 22.3%, and dropped to 16.7% at three month. To bring Taiwan in line with WHO guidelines, effective worksite strategies needed to be implemented to encourage new mothers to breastfeed in the workplace. 2.5 Levels of Influence and the Breastfeeding Decision 2.5.1 Health Professionals Roles Multiple studies indicate that health professionals support of breastfeeding is important in increasing breastfeeding rates (Lawrence, 1993, Winikoff Baer, 1980; Winikoff, Laukaran, Myers, Stone, 1986, 1987). Health professionals have made important promotion contributions, yet many health professionals who provide care to pregnant women and infants do not demonstrate explicit support of breastfeeding; nor do they have adequate knowledge about breastfeeding. In an American Academy of Pediatricians study, only 65 percent of pediatricians recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first month and only 37 percent recommended breastfeeding continue for the first year (Schanler, OConnor, Lawrence, 1999). Many women do not initiate breastfeeding because they know they will be returning to full-time employment that will entail separation from the baby. Perhaps they believe that they will not be able to continue breastfeeding once they return to work, and they adopt an attitude of Why start something I will not be able to continue? (Fein Roe, 1998). Furthermore, women who return to full-time work wean their infants earlier than other women. It has been found, however, that expecting to work part-time following the birth of a baby did not affect initiation of breastfeeding. Part-time work of four or fewer hours a day did not affect duration of breastfeeding. Part-time work for more than four hours per day affected duration of breastfeeding less than full-time work (Fein Roe, 1998). Because of economic necessity and the need for other benefits such as health insurance, many women cannot afford to work less than fulltime. When possible, however, delaying separation from the infant and reducing the amount of time mother and infant are separated during the infants first six months increases the likelihood that breastfeeding will be successful (Stuart-Macadam Dettwyler, 1995). In a qualitative study carried out by MacLaughlin and Strelnick (1984), many women suggested it would be helpful to receive breast-feeding information about combining breast-feeding with working and to have open discussions of the topic with other mothers. A survey of 567 women who breastfed while employed outside the home showed that the most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of the multiple demands to which they were responding. This aspect does not differ markedly from what is found for non-breastfeeding, working mothers (Auerbach Guss, 1984). About 60 per cent from 451 mothers who stopped breastfeeding, did so during the first postnatal month and another 20 per cent during the 2nd and 3rd month after the babies birth. The mothers age, education or parity, did not affect the rate of breastfeeding. Low birth weight, especially birth weight less than 2 kg, was a risk factor for early termination of breastfeeding. Caesarean delivery and hospitalization of the infant during the neonatal period was also associated with a higher rate of bottle feeding compared with newborns who had been delivered normally, discharged early, and nursed at home. Although breastfeeding rates are high, the finding that the majority of mothers who give up breastfeeding do so in the early weeks, calls for better support to all mothers by committed health personnel during the period when breastfeeding is being established, and for extra assistance to women whose infants are hospitalized or have a low birth weight (Shiva , 2003 ) 2.6 Advantages of breast milk to babies Breast milk is best for newborn baby, and the benefits of breastfeeding extend well beyond basic nutrition. In addition to containing all the vitamins and nutrients baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect baby from illness. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months (although any amount of breastfeeding is beneficial). And scientific studies have shown that breastfeeding is good for mothers health, too. Numerous studies from around the world have shown that stomach viruses, lower respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and meningitis occur less often in breastfed babies and are less severe when they do happen. Exclusive breastfeeding (meaning no solid food, formula, or water) for at least six months seems to offer the most protection. A study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences showed that children who are breastfed have a 20 percent lower risk of dying between the ages of 28 days and 1 year than children who werent breastfed, with longer breastfeeding associated with lower risk. The main immune factor at work here is a substance called secretor immunoglobulin A (IgA) thats present in large amounts in colostrums, the first milk mothers body produces for the baby. (Secretors IgA is present in lower concentrations in mature breast milk.) The substance guards against invading germs by forming a protective layer on the mucous membranes in the babys intestines, nose, and throat. 2.7 Advantages to breastfeed mothers A study of more than 33,000 Danish women who had given birth between 1999 and 2002 evaluated the effect of breastfeeding on maternal weight at 6 and 18 months postpartum compared to reported pre pregnancy weight. The authors calculated that a Danish woman with normal or obese pre pregnancy weight who gained 11-12 kg during the pregnancy and exclusively breastfed her infant for 6 months would be back to her pre pregnancy weight by then. At 18 months postpartum, women who exclusively breastfed for 6 months and continued breastfeeding until their infant was 12 months of age had the lowest probability of retaining 5 or more kg of weight no matter how much weight they gained during the pregnancy (Baker, 2008) 2.8 Conceptual framework The research conceptual framework will be carried out as shown in the flow chart below. INTERGRATED WARD HOSPITAL TUANKU AMPUAN NAJIHAH POSTNATAL MOTHERS ANTENATAL MOTHERS QUESTIONAIRE RESULT ANTENATAL MOTHERS POSTNATAL MOTHERS CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction In this chapter the researcher will discuss the main aspect of the research methodology in detail. There are five aspects that consist of the research design, population, sampling and methods, study instruments, collection of data and limitation of study. 3.1 Study design The study uses a descriptive and quantitative method. The researcher will distributes the questionnaires to the respondents as the main instrument to collect data for the study. The collection and the analysis of data is done in two weeks. 3.2 Population and sample The population is all antenatal mothers who will be come for screening in the labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward in Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah. 3.3 Study subject All 15 antenatal mothers who will come for screening in integrated ward from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and 15 postnatal mothers discharge from labour room during the study period. . 3.4 Sample size calculation The sample size will be calculated so that the study has the capability to detect clinically importance difference as statistically significant. The sample size also will be calculated to estimate effect with stated precision. Only 30 cases will be selected as the sample. 3.5 Study participants 3.5.1 Inclusion criteria All antenatal mothers who are conceiving their second child and above that warded from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward. 3.5.2 Exclusion criteria All antenatal mothers who are conceiving their first baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 was not included in this study. 3.6 Data collection procedures 3.6.1 This study will be using questionnaires that will be given to the antenatal and postnatal mothers before and after the campaign. 3.6.2 Permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Hospital Director and the Chief Matron. An inform consent will also being obtained from the respondents ( Appendix II / Lampiran II). 3.6.3 Self Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) Self Administered Questionnaire will be used to determine the medical personal knowledge as shown in Appendix III / Lampiran III. 3.7 Sampling methodology Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population (Polit Hungler, 1999). In this study only 30 participants will be selected among the antenatal and postnatal mothers in HTAN from January till March in the year of study. The study was done with pilot test 10 antenatal and postnatal mother and the cronbachs alpha= 0.732 3.7.1 Statistical analysis The result of this study was based on the responses from 30 of the antenatal and postnatal mothers. The independent variables identified namely were designation. The data was analyzed and presented in percentage. 3.7.2 Research tools Data was collected by using structured questionnaire. See Appendix III and Appendix IV. 3.8 Expected results Antenatal mothers have the knowledge and understanding of the importance in exclusive breastfeeding. Antenatal mothers will be making decisions on exclusive breastfeeding before delivery. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS 4.0 Introduction In this chapter the collected data is analysed from the questionnaires given to the respondents. The demographic factors usually tested as it is often used as the inference study as it is easy to get and easily analysed the effect (Jack Fiorito et el 2007) . The first part is a demographic data about the respondents for example race, age , education level and their exclusive breastfeeding knowledge. 4.1 Characteristics of demographic respondents Section A Table 1 : Ethnic :- Antenatal mothers Antenatal mothers Post natal mothers Ethnic Number of respondents Percentage Number of respondents Percentage Total number Malay 11 73.3 % 13 86.7 % 24 Chinese 1 6.7 % 0% 1 Indian 3 20.0 % 2 13.3% 5 Referring to the table above, majority of the respondents are from the Malay ethnic which gives 73.3% for the antenatal mothers while the postnatal respondents gives 86.7%. The second higher percentage of ethnic comes from the Indians that give 20 %for the antenatal mothers and the postnatal mothers contributes 13.3 %. The least is the Chinese that gives only 6.7% that is only one respondent for the antenatal but none for the postnatal mothers.. As usual majority of the respondents are the Malays as most of them preferred to give birth in government hospitals comparing to the Chinese who prefer going to the private hospitals. Table 2 : Age of the respondents Age range Number of respondents for both ante and postnatal mothers Percentage 20 -25 years old 9 30.0% 26 30 years old 12 40.0 % 31 35 years old 6 20.0 % 36 40 years old 3 10.0% The age range for this study is done to get a better view to the majority of the ante and postnatal mothers involved. As shown in the table above the age range between 26 to 30 years of the antenatal and postnatal mothers gives the majority which contributes 40.0 %. The least comes from the age range of 36 to 40 years that gives only 10% which only 3 respondents involved. Table 3 ; Education Level Academic level Number of respondents Percentage Non- schooling 1 3.3 % Primary school 2 6.7% Secondary school 17 56.7% College/ University 10 33.3% As shown in the above table, the majority of the educational level comes from the secondary school level which contributes 56.7 % from all the respondents. This shows that this group of respondents have the great trust in the government hospital so does the college/ university level respondents that gives 33.3% of all. Table 4 : Occupation Occupation Number of respondents Percentage Housewife 17 56.7 % Self employed 4 13.3 % Government servant 5 16.7% Private sector 4 13.3% Referring to the above table, the housewife is the majority respondents in this study that carries 56.7% which is more than half of the respondents involved. The government servants contributes 16.7% while the self employed and the private sectors employees give the same percentage of 13.3% each. Table 5. : Exclusive breastfeeding prior knowledge YES NO Number Of respondents 25 5 Percentage 83.3% 16.7 % Referring to Table 5, 83.3% of the respondents have the prior knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding which means that they had the experience and knowledge to breastfeeding. Five respondents, contributing 16.7% had no knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. Table 6 : Number of child Number of child (conceiving/ give birth) Number of respondents Percentage 2 12 40% 3 11 36.7% 4 3 10% 5 2 6.6% 6 2 6.6% As shown in the table above , 12 respondents conceiving or giving birth to their second child that gives 40% of the study. 36.7% conceive or give birth to their third child, 10% or 3 respondents conceive or give birth to their 4th child and 6.6% contributed by respondents who conceive or give birth to their 5th and 6th child. SECTION B Knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding Question number 1

Alcohol Consumption Essay -- Social Issues, Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol consumption poses a threat for many public health harms. Impaired driving is one of the largest contributors to motor vehicle crashes (Burris, Grunwald, Anderson, & Filippoli, 2011). In the United States each year roughly 13,400 people die and an additional 255,500 are injured in motor vehicle crashes involving an alcohol-impaired driver according to Burris et al., 2011. In 2006, these crashes accounted for almost a third of all U.S. traffic-related deaths (Burris et al., 2011). Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance in the United States according to Pandrea, Happel, Amedee, Bagby, & Nelson, 2010, and studies show that reducing alcohol consumption can lead to public health improvements such as decreased incidence of â€Å"liver cirrhosis, delirium tremens, male suicide, criminality, hospitalizations, alcohol-related disease mortality, workplace injuries, STDs, IPV, rape, robbery, and severe violence towards children† (Jernigan). Public heath deals with many other issues that cause burdens to individuals and society alike such as obesity and gun use. Over the past several months, headlines in the news have been echoing â€Å"Chocolate Milk Removed from School Lunches,† and â€Å"Senate Considers Federal Tax on Soda.† While the removal of chocolate milk from school menus has actually happened in certain school districts across the country, federal tax on sodas has only been a proposal at this point. However, both echoes resounding through the news originated from escalating research that America’s twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity are due to diets high in sugar. The end result is that the actions taken to fight obesity have not been classified as either effective, uncertain, or harmful consistently through studies and ... ...twice and as a result, tax revenues that accounted for 12 percent of the sales of alcohol in 1980 now amount to only 7 percent of total sales. The result is a de facto subsidy on drinking and extra profits for alcohol manufacturers at the expense of taxpayers (Alcohol Taxes on the Federal Front, 2005). CONCLUSION: The beer industry has long opposed raising taxes on its products, even maintaining that they should be lowered. However, lower beer taxes would only add to the deficit, cater to a prosperous industry, reward and encourage heavy drinking, and attract more young drinkers, fueling increased alcohol problems and increasing public costs. The best interests of consumers, young people, the U.S. Treasury, and the public health and safety of America would be better served by raising, not lowering beer taxes. (Alcohol Taxes on the Federal Front, 2005)

Divorce and Our National Values Essay

Peter Kramer in his essay â€Å"Divorce and Our National Values† suggests that either Americans celebrate the individual, autonomy, and self-fulfillment or we honor marriage as the centerpiece of social stability. The question is whether these values can be competitive and destructive or can they be complementary and empowering. Through teamwork and communication, marriage can be complementary and empowering while being honored as the centerpiece of social stability; however clashing points of view can cause the relationship to be competitive and destructive. First of all, I am the perfect person that can talk about marriage because I am married. Individualism, autonomy, self-fulfillment and the concept of marriage being the centerpiece of social stability all play their role positively if balanced correctly. Although we worked together to pay bills and satisfy our needs, we also supported each other’s sense of worth and striving towards our personal goals, such as educ ation and travel. Positive support and feedback are very important because there will always be disappointing moments, even overwhelming at times. Being reminded and loved helps society and our marriage move forward. Marriage being the centerpiece of society strives for the greater good, which is the world. I am in the Navy, an organization that gives me self-fulfillment. My wife is always at the house and after a while, she becomes itching to find herself other than be a housewife. We take up many identities: I am a sailor, a husband and a friend. With these titles, not only we can play multiple roles in society but at the same time, it contributes to personal satisfaction and from there, you can help others including the family succeed in any aspect. However, there is a dark side to all of this. Secondly, clashing viewpoints can cause relationships to be competitive and destructive. In most cases, selfishness is one example of a destructive viewpoint. Although there is a certain extent one can be selfish, too much selfishness is destructive to all walks of life, both work and relationship wise. I hear from my friends and family talk about people they knew that would go out and party instead of staying at home to spend quality time with the family. They talked about how the husband had to grow up fast due to impregnating his high school sweetheart and joining the workforce without realizing his personal ambitions or experiencing life as a bachelor. In society, women are more prone to settling down at younger ages than men. However, both sides are at guilt due to maturity and making the big decision of starting a family. Despite all the clashing, couples learn to understand each other’s viewpoints or edit themselves for the integrity of the relationship; all others take a turn for the worse and are not willing to work at the relationship, being satisfied with the outcome and themselves. Divorce can be double-sided or one-sided. In total, it depends on the couples and their viewpoints; some work out and some don’t. Although clashing viewpoints can be detrimental to marriage and even unsuccessful marriages hurting society as a whole, I believe that teamwork and communication will lead marriage in the right direction and can be honored as the centerpiece of social stability. We must learn to set aside our differences for the sake of the new generations to come. I do believe that nothing is perfect in our society; however people in general will become more productive, positive and moralistic when these values are incorporated into them, especially the marriage and eventually everyone will be able to understand one another for the sake of the greater good. Works Cited Kramer, Peter D. â€Å"Divorce and Our National Values.† Merickel, Missy James and Alan P. Reading Literature and Writing Arguement 4th ed. Boston: Longman, 2008. 503-505.

Free Essays on Beethovens Love

In 1770 an exceptional musical genius was born into this world, changing the sound of classical music forever. His name was Ludwig van Beethoven. Johann, his father, a signer and instrumentalist, encouraged his son from the first day he saw him to be inspired by the sound of astonishing music. Through his childhood years, Ludwig was extremely interested in his father’s persuasion with music, constantly producing his own music for his own enjoyment. He was considered the â€Å"most powerful musical thinker of music† (Schonberg 119). His music was unheard of, unknown, and the only way to describe his sensational composition was as a â€Å"bridge between classical and romantic periods† (Schonberg 119). Every day and every night he would play on his piano, experimenting with his exceptional tool, his hands. Ludwig van Beethoven also had a love for women. He adored many women. Beethoven was constantly expressing his true loves through his beautiful musical composition s. Around the age of forty, Beethoven met a young woman who changed his outlook of life forever. Her name was Therese Malfatti, a seventeen year old beauty. She was a pupil of Beethoven’s and a niece of his primary physician (Marek 282). He experienced many deep and passionate feelings toward Therese Malfatti; for her he composed a composition to be played before he proposed marriage to her, wrote endless romantic and emotionally disturbing letters, and experienced tragic nostalgic upsets. Ludwig van Beethoven composed hundreds of exquisite and difficult compositions, in which were always meant to be for his â€Å"Unsterbliche Geliebte,† which meant â€Å"Immortal Beloved.† The â€Å"Immortal Beloved† was never known for sure, but it was said to have been Therese Malfatti (Palmer 2). Beethoven composed a beautiful piece of music entitled Bagatelle Woo. Although this title may sound unfamiliar, almost everyone can identify this masterpiece and the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven... Free Essays on Beethoven's Love Free Essays on Beethoven's Love In 1770 an exceptional musical genius was born into this world, changing the sound of classical music forever. His name was Ludwig van Beethoven. Johann, his father, a signer and instrumentalist, encouraged his son from the first day he saw him to be inspired by the sound of astonishing music. Through his childhood years, Ludwig was extremely interested in his father’s persuasion with music, constantly producing his own music for his own enjoyment. He was considered the â€Å"most powerful musical thinker of music† (Schonberg 119). His music was unheard of, unknown, and the only way to describe his sensational composition was as a â€Å"bridge between classical and romantic periods† (Schonberg 119). Every day and every night he would play on his piano, experimenting with his exceptional tool, his hands. Ludwig van Beethoven also had a love for women. He adored many women. Beethoven was constantly expressing his true loves through his beautiful musical composition s. Around the age of forty, Beethoven met a young woman who changed his outlook of life forever. Her name was Therese Malfatti, a seventeen year old beauty. She was a pupil of Beethoven’s and a niece of his primary physician (Marek 282). He experienced many deep and passionate feelings toward Therese Malfatti; for her he composed a composition to be played before he proposed marriage to her, wrote endless romantic and emotionally disturbing letters, and experienced tragic nostalgic upsets. Ludwig van Beethoven composed hundreds of exquisite and difficult compositions, in which were always meant to be for his â€Å"Unsterbliche Geliebte,† which meant â€Å"Immortal Beloved.† The â€Å"Immortal Beloved† was never known for sure, but it was said to have been Therese Malfatti (Palmer 2). Beethoven composed a beautiful piece of music entitled Bagatelle Woo. Although this title may sound unfamiliar, almost everyone can identify this masterpiece and the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven...

Lone Pair - Chemistry Definition

Lone Pair - Chemistry Definition A lone pair is an electron pair in the outermost shell of an atom that is not shared or bonded to another atom. It is also called a non-bonding pair. One way to identify a lone pair is to draw a Lewis structure. The number of lone pair electrons added to the number of bonding electrons equals the number of valence electrons of an atom. The lone pair concept is important to valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, as it helps to explain the geometry of molecules. Sources Albright, T. A.; Burdett, J. K.; Whangbo, M.-H. (1985). Orbital Interactions in Chemistry. New York: Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 0471873934.Ansyln, E. V.; Dougherty, D. A. (2006). Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3.Kumar, Anmol; Gadre, Shridhar R.; Mohan, Neetha; Suresh, Cherumuttathu H. (2014-01-06). Lone Pairs: An Electrostatic Viewpoint. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 118 (2): 526–532. doi:10.1021/jp4117003

ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASSESSMENT - Essay Example Non-conventional types of dividend payments, particularly share repurchases are in most cases used currently, and therefore, the dividend decision is much more multifaceted and complex than it was in the past. In addition, there are more significant types of shareholders who should be satisfied today-particularly institutional investors-while managers once merely have to satisfy individual stockholders. Therefore, n increase in the dividend payout is taken to be good news. The company is showing that it not only has positive cash flows, however these cash flows are rising sufficiently to validate an elevated payout to shareholders. The company â€Å"proves† its cash flow by paying out some of that cash to its shareholders. This means that higher dividends might indicate lasting greater earnings for the company. How this argument has been contradicted that the dividend policy is irrelevant. It is for this reason that this paper will examine on the fact that company's dividend p olicy is irrelevant to its market value. ... i-Miller (M&M) theorem, (Irrelevancy Theory) (1961) forwarded by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, influences the base for modern view on capital structure, although it is usually perceived as merely scholarly because it presumes away numerous significant elements in the capital structure decision. The theorem argues that, in a perfect market, the value of a firm is irrelevant to how that firm is funded. This outcome offers a basis used to study real global reasons why capital structure is appropriate. These other reasons comprise agency costs, bankruptcy costs, information asymmetry, taxes among others. The theorem has been used to show that dividend is irrelevant to firm’s market share. Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM) under their theory argued that in perfect financial markets (no transactions costs certainty, no taxes, or other market imperfections), the value of a company is impacted by the allotment of dividends. They claim that company’s value is mainl y driven the prospective income and risk of its investments, therefore, maintaining income or paying them to the shareholders in dividends does not affects its value (Grullon et al 2002). MM through its theory indicated that provided the company is attaining the returns anticipated by the market, it does not matter whether the returns is directed to the stockholder as individuals currently, or reinvested. They would perceive it in terms of dividend or price appreciation. Therefore, in this case the shareholder can develop their individual dividend through selling the stock when they need cash (Lie 2000). They qualified their argument through this calculation: V t = 1/1+rt[Dt+Vt+1-m t+1P t+1] Where rt = Discount rate Dt = Total Dividends Paid V t+1 = Firm Value @ t+1 = ntP t+1 M t+1P t+1 = Amount

Explain a Marketing concept for MKGT 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Explain a Marketing concept for MKGT 3000 - Essay Example We would be discussing few major factors that significantly impact purchase behavior and consumption pattern of the products that are used in marketing a product. Customers’ purchase behavior is quite complex because it is intensely influenced by socio-economic and psychological paradigms. It is true that consumers purchase products only when they perceive the need for it. But at the same time, the need could have triggered either by advertisement or by observing other people which could lead to the purchase of the product. Various factors like price, buying value, consumption value and after sales performance add credibility to the purchase. If customer is satisfied, the organizations are not only able to retain them but they are also liable to get new ones through word of mouth publicity that greatly establishes their market credibility. Arnould et al (2004) assert that consumer behavior is also motivated by desired goal that is need based. Products that are bought mainly as a lifestyle statement are prompted by motivated goals. Luxury brands and trend setting goods are major indicators of changing lifestyle pattern that people are ready to adopt to keep up with the times. People are prone to adopt new lifestyle that reflects that changing socio-economic status in society. It also reveals their new value system, tastes and indeed changing preferences.